Table 4
Selective examples of oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) used in preclinical studies
| Virus name | Strain | Transgene | Mode of cell death | Antitumor activities, especially immunity | Tumor models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pexa-Vec (JX-594) | Wyeth (tk-) | GM-CSF | Apoptosis and necrosis (ICD) | Tumor cell infection and lysis; antitumor immune response; tumor vascular disruption | hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other cancers | [63, 104, 125] |
| vvDD-GFP | WR (tk−/vgf-) | EGFP; (later CD; GM-CSF) | Necrosis and apoptosis; (ICD)) | CD11b + cells and CD11b + Ly6G+ cells (dendritic cells and neutrophils) | Breast, colon, and ovarian cancer models | [105, 120] |
| GLV-1 h68 | Lister (deletion of tk, F14.5 L, A65R) | Renilla luciferase-GFP fusion protein, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase | Apoptosis and others | Immune defense activation via IFN-stimulated genes (STAT-1 and IRF-7), cytokines, chemokines, and innate immune effector function | Breast cancer and other cancer types | [107, 198] |
| VG9-GMCSF | Tiantan Guang9 strain (tk-) | GM-CSF | Unknown | Antitumor activity and induced tumor-specific immune response | Melanoma | [127] |
| ∆F4L∆J2R | WR (F4L- and tk-) | Luciferase | Unknown | Durable tumor-antigen specific cytotoxic T-cell response | Bladder cancer | [110] |
| CVV | Wyeth strain tk- and repeated selection | GFP | Unknown | Complete regression of liver tumorigenicity and metastasis to the colon. | HCC | [115] |
| deVV5 | Chimeric VV from WY, MVA, WR, and COP | tk deletion and fcu1 addition results in deVV5-fcu1 | Unknown | Higher tumor selectivity and more viral replication in cancer cells | Not tested yet | [113] |
| CF33 and CF189 | Chimeric parapoxvirus | Unknown | Effective at low viral dose; abscopal antitumor effect | Triple negative breast cancer and colorectal cancer | [114, 123] |