Table 1:
Specific gravity adjusted urinary arsenic (U-As) levels and test scores from the Woodcock Muñoz Achievement Battery by sociodemographic, dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics among ~7-year old children from Montevideo, Uruguay (n=239)
| Covariates | N | U-As, μg/l1, 2 | Woodcock Muñoz Broad math2 | Achievement Battery, W score Broad reading2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in months | ||||
| 57 – 80 | 117 | 11.2 (2.6, 50.1) | 457 (412, 486) | 448 (378, 526) |
| 81 – 105 | 122 | 12.3 (4.8, 46.1) | 461 (407, 487)* | 466 (382, 510)* |
| sex | ||||
| Boys | 136 | 11.9 (2.6, 50.1) | 458 (409, 487) | 451 (382, 504) |
| Girls | 103 | 11.5 (3.4, 42.0) | 460 (407, 486) | 462 (378, 526) |
| Maternal education | ||||
| Primary | 41 | 12.8 (3.5, 39.7) | 453 (411, 479) | 438 (378, 496) |
| Secondary | 148 | 11.3 (2.7, 50.1) | 459 (407, 487) | 458 (382, 506) |
| ≥Tertiary | 50 | 11.7 (2.6, 36.4) | 461 (416, 486) | 463 (389, 526) |
| >2 persons/bedroom | ||||
| Yes | 53 | 11.9 (4.3, 50.1) | 454 (409, 487) | 444 (382, 505) |
| No | 183 | 11.5 (2.6, 46.1) | 460 (407, 486) | 459 (378, 526) |
| Possessions score | ||||
| Below median | 133 | 11.5 (2.7, 50.1) | 459 (407, 486) | 453 (382, 526) |
| Above median | 106 | 12.0 (2.6, 46.1) | 458 (411, 487) | 458 (378, 502) |
| Drinking water source | ||||
| Tank/tap unfiltered | 71 | 12.3 (2.6, 39.3) | 457 (409, 478) | 454 (382, 505) |
| Tap filtered | 42 | 10.8 (4.1, 46.1) | 461 (407, 477) | 454 (384, 510) |
| Bottled/other | 120 | 12.0 (3.5, 44.3) | 459 (409, 487) | 458 (378, 526) |
| Thiamine intake | ||||
| <0.85 mg/1000 kcal | 117 | 11.2 (2.6, 42.0) | 459 (409, 487) | 461 (378, 510) |
| ≥0.85 mg/1000 kcal | 118 | 12.2 (3.4, 50.1) | 458 (407, 486) | 450 (382, 526) |
| Riboflavin intake | ||||
| <0.99 mg/1000 kcal | 117 | 11.5 (2.6, 42.0) | 459 (407, 487) | 458 (378, 506) |
| ≥0.99 mg/1000 kcal | 118 | 12.0 (3.4, 50.1) | 458 (409, 486) | 451 (382, 526) |
| Niacin intake | ||||
| <8.6 mg/1000 kcal | 117 | 11.0 (2.6, 44.3) | 459 (409, 487) | 458 (378, 526) |
| ≥8.6 mg/1000 kcal | 118 | 12.5 (3.4, 50.1) | 458 (407, 486) | 451 (382, 504) |
| Vitamin B-6 intake | ||||
| <0.68 mg/1000 kcal | 117 | 11.2 (2.7, 50.1) | 459 (407, 487) | 462 (378, 526) |
| ≥0.68 mg/1000 kcal | 118 | 12.3 (2.6, 46.1) | 458 (409, 486) | 452 (382, 510) |
| Folate intake | ||||
| <219.76 g/1000 kcal | 117 | 12.3 (3.5, 46.1) | 457 (409, 486) | 456 (378, 510) |
| ≥219.76 μg/1000 kcal | 118 | 11.2 (2.6, 50.1) | 459 (407, 487) | 455 (382, 526) |
| Vitamin B-12 intake | ||||
| <1.67 μg/1000 kcal | 117 | 11.9 (2.6, 50.1) | 459 (407, 487) | 457 (378, 506) |
| ≥1.67 μg/1000 kcal | 118 | 11.6 (3.4, 46.1) | 458 (409, 486) | 455 (382, 526) |
| Height for age z score | ||||
| <0.34 | 120 | 11.2 (2.6, 50.1) | 460 (411, 487) | 456(378, 506) |
| ≥0.34 | 119 | 12.0 (3.4, 46.1) | 457 (407, 486) | 457(382, 526) |
| Weight for age z score | ||||
| <0.64 | 121 | 11.2 (3.5, 50.1) | 459 (409, 487) | 450 (378, 505) |
| ≥0.64 | 118 | 12.0 (2.6, 46.1) | 459 (407, 486) | 462 (382, 526) |
| Blood lead | ||||
| <3.8 μg/dL | 118 | 11.8 (2.6, 42.0) | 459 (407, 486) | 462 (378, 526) |
| ≥3.8 μg/dL | 121 | 11.7 (4.1, 50.1) | 458 (409, 487) | 450 (384, 505) |
| Hemoglobin | ||||
| <13.1 g/dL | 114 | 11.6 (3.7, 50.1) | 459 (407, 486) | 456 (384, 526) |
| ≥13.1 g/dL | 125 | 11.9 (2.6, 46.1) | 459 (409, 487) | 458 (378, 510) |
| Hair manganese | ||||
| <0.85 ppb | 119 | 11.3 (3.4, 50.1) | 460 (411, 487) | 457 (386, 526) |
| ≥0.85 ppb | 120 | 12.2 (2.6, 46.1) | 457 (407, 486) | 456 (378, 510) |
| Serum folate** | ||||
| <11.40 ng/ml | 93 | 11.0 (2.7, 50.1) | 468 (409, 486) | 455 (382, 526) |
| ≥11.40 ng/ml | 99 | 12.4 (2.6, 46.1) | 457 (407, 487) | 457 (386, 506) |
| Serum vitamin B-12** | ||||
| <489.45 pg/ml | 82 | 13.5 (2.6, 46.1) | 459 (407, 487) | 460 (384, 526) |
| ≥489.45 pg/ml | 82 | 10.7 (2.7, 50.1) | 457 (409, 479) | 460 (382, 510) |
1Adjusted for urinary specific gravity
2Value given as median (range)
*Statistically significant difference at an alpha value of 0.05, based on Mann-Whitney U test
**Reduced sample sizes because the laboratory analyses were conducted in a subset of the sample.