The effect of low level laser irradiation on oxidative stress, muscle damage and function following neuromuscular electrical stimulation. A double blind, randomised, crossover trial

Ewa Jówko; Maciej Płaszewski; Maciej Cieśliński; Tomasz Sacewicz; Igor Cieśliński; Marta Jarocka

doi:10.1186/s13102-019-0147-3

Table 4

Changes in redox state and inflammatory markers in response to NMES preceded by LLLT and sham LLLT interventions

variable / biochemical marker	intervention	Parameters at time points of blood sample collections						Main effects
		baseline	post- intervention [hours]					time [p value]	Intervention [p value]	time x intervention [p value]
		baseline	0	24	48	72	96	time [p value]	Intervention [p value]	time x intervention [p value]
TAC [mmol/L]	LLLT	1.53 ± 0.04 [0.55]	1.47 ± 0.04 [0.42]	1.42 ± 0.03 [0.35]	1.47 ± 0.04 [0.38]	1.47 ± 0.05 [0.49]	1.50 ± 0.04 [0.48]	0.46	0.50	0.14
TAC [mmol/L]	sham-LLLT	1.48 ± 0.05 [0.44]	1.57 ± 0.05 [0.66]	1.49 ± 0.03 [0.26]	1.52 ± 0.04 [0.48]	1.48 ± 0.03 [0.36]	1.45 ± 0.02 [0.29]	0.46	0.50	0.14
TAC-UA [mmol/L]	LLLT	1.23 ± 0.04 [0.50]	1.16 ± 0.04 [0.45]	1.10 ± 0.03 [0.31]	1.17 ± 0.03 [0.32]	1.14 ± 0.04 [0.32]	1.20 ± 0.03 [0.38]	0.08	0.46	0.06
TAC-UA [mmol/L]	sham-LLLT	1.19 ± 0.05 [0.48]	1.26 ± 0.05 [0.61]	1.17 ± 0.03 [0.41]	1.22 ± 0.03 [0.42]	1.15 ± 0.03 [0.29]	1.14 ± 0.01 [0.17]	0.08	0.46	0.06
GPx [U/g Hb]	LLLT	62.6 ± 2.9^a [33.6]	60.8 ± 2.1^a [28.1]	61.0 ± 2.8^a [38.4]	59.0 ± 3.3^a [35.4]	61.5 ± 3.1^a [31.6]	63.1 ± 2.1^a [26.1]	0.0005	0.044	0.29
GPx [U/g Hb]	sham-LLLT	56.7 ± 3.8^a [42.8]	56.7 ± 2.2^a [31.3]	62.7 ± 2.8^ac [31.4]	48.3 ± 3.9^b* [37.8]	60.4 ± 2.0 ^ac [23.5]	65.8 ± 2.9^c [29.9]	0.0005	0.044	0.29
SOD U/g Hb]	LLLT	1847.4 ± 160.9^a [845.5]	1905.8 ± 157.9^a [1322.8]	1985.6 ± 128.9^a [1728.0]	1804.2 ± 75.8^a [905.8]	1711.3 ± 83.1^a [1115.1]	1971.1 ± 137.7^a [1552.3]	0.11	0.046	0.87
SOD U/g Hb]	sham-LLLT	1821.7 ± 107.8^ab [1341.3]	1689.9 ± 152.0^ab [1622.7]	1960.5 ± 122.7^a [1111.6	1533.8 ± 90.1^b [884.1]	1633.3 ± 112.2^ab [1369.4]	1774.2 ± 98.1^ab [1151.7]	0.11	0.046	0.87
MDA [μmol/L]	LLLT	1.64 ± 0.52^a [5.06]	1.41 ± 0.51^a [4.76]	1.16 ± 0.30^a [3.45]	2.18 ± 0.72^a [7.80]	1.98 ± 0.50^a [5.29]	2.04 ± 0.48^a [4.91]	0.005	0.72	0.59
MDA [μmol/L]	sham-LLLT	1.17 ± 0.17^a [1.85]	1.10 ± 0.21^a [2.73]	1.49 ± 0.62^ab [7.62]	2.40 ± 0.47^b [4.47]	2.80 ± 0.68^b [6.66]	2.57 ± 0.74^b [7.40]	0.005	0.72	0.59
CRP [mg/L]	LLLT	3.9 ± 0.5^ac [5.1]	4.4 ± 0.6^ac [6.2]	4.1 ± 0.5^ac [5.3]	3.3 ± 0.4^b [6.2]	4.9 ± 0.6^a [6.6]	3.7 ± 0.4^bc [5.4]	0.26	0.33	0.005
CRP [mg/L]	sham-LLLT	3.1 ± 0.5^ab [4.6]	3.5 ± 0.6^ab [5.0]	3.1 ± 0.4^ab [5.8]	3.7 ± 0.5^ab [4.9]	3.6 ± 0.5 ^a [7.1]	4.7 ± 0.7^b [9.5]	0.26	0.33	0.005

TAC Total antioxidant capacity, TAC-UA Total antioxidant capacity without uric acid, GPx Glutathione peroxidase, SOD Superoxide dismutase, MDA malondialdehyde, CRP C-reactive protein, TAC MDA and CRP were measured in plasma; GPx activity were analysed in whole blood; SOD activity was determined in erythrocytes; activities of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocyte and whole blood are expressed in U per gram of haemoglobin, LLLT Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) preceded by LLLT irradiation, sham-LLLT Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) preceded by sham LLLT intervention, values are means ± SE With range [max value minus min value from all data within each time point of LLLT or sham-LLLT intervention]

^*significant difference (p < 0.05) between interventions (within the same time point); ^a,b,cdifferences between time points (within the same intervention), values that do not have common letters are significantly different (p < 0.05)