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Table 10

Clastogenicity and mutagenicity of selected PAs (based on Allemang et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2010b; EFSA 2011a).

AgentMN in vitroMN in vivoCA in vitroCA in vivoSCE in vitroMutations in bacteriaMutations in Drosophila
Heliotrine +  +  +  +  ±  + 
Isatidine +  ±  – 
Integerrimine +  +  + 
Lasiocarpine +  +  + 
Monocrotaline +  +  +  +  –  + 
Retrorsine +  +  +  + 
Riddelliine +  ±  +  +  ± 
Senecionine –  + 
Seneciphylline +  + ( +) + 
Senkirkine +  +  +  + 

MN micronuclei, CA chromosomal aberrations, SCE sister chromatid exchange. “  +  ” positive result, “ –  ” negative result, empty cells not tested

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