A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

Angkana T. Huang; Bernardo Garcia-Carreras; Matt D. T. Hitchings; Bingyi Yang; Leah C. Katzelnick; Susan M. Rattigan; Brooke A. Borgert; Carlos A. Moreno; Benjamin D. Solomon; Luke Trimmer-Smith; Veronique Etienne; Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer; Justin Lessler; Henrik Salje; Donald S. Burke; Amy Wesolowski; Derek A. T. Cummings

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4

Fig. 4

Antigenic and phylogenetic relationships among HCoVs.

Ordinal qualitative summary of the reactivity of antisera (rows) provided by individuals with confirmed infections with each human coronavirus against the panel of human coronaviruses (columns), shown in relation to their phylogeny^¹⁵¹. Cell color indicates the magnitude of change in the antibody response (measured by neutralization assay, IFA, and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or western blot to N or S proteins) between acute and convalescent samples with dark green indicating strong, homologous response, light green indicating strong, heterologous response, yellow indicating weak response, and gray indicating no response. White boxes indicate that no data are available. The black grid indicates relationships between viruses of the same genera. Note that in some cases, cross-reactivity may be due to stimulation of immunity to previous infections (e.g., SARS-CoV serological responses toward HCoV-OC43), and in other cases, to relatedness of the viruses (SARS-CoV serological responses toward MERS-CoV).