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EFSA J. 2023 Jan; 21(1): e07726.
Published online 2023 Jan 9. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7726
PMCID: PMC9827234
PMID: 36628332

Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 30 June 2022

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA),corresponding author Alice Delbianco, Davide Gibin, Luca Pasinato, Donato Boscia, and Massimiliano Morelli

Abstract

This scientific report provides an update of the Xylella spp. host plant database, aiming to provide information and scientific support to risk assessors, risk managers and researchers dealing with Xylella spp. Upon a mandate of the European Commission, EFSA created and regularly updates a database of host plant species of Xylella spp. The current mandate covers the period 2021–2026. This report is related to the seventh version of the database published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, covering literature published from 1 January 2022 up to 30 June 2022, and recent Europhyt outbreak notifications. Informative data have been extracted from 30 selected publications. Fifteen new host plants were identified and added to the database. Those plant species were reported from Brazil, France, Italy, Portugal and Spain, and infected by subsp. multiplex, pauca or unknown (i.e. not reported). No additional data were retrieved for X. taiwanensis. Two new STs (namely ST88 and ST89) belonging to subspecies multiplex were identified in host plants in natural conditions, and new information on the tolerant/resistant response of plant species to X. fastidiosa infection were added to the database. The overall number of Xylella spp. host plants determined with at least two different detection methods or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation) reaches now 423 plant species, 194 genera and 68 families. Such numbers rise to 679 plant species, 304 genera and 88 families if considered regardless of the detection methods applied.

Keywords: Xylella spp., Xylella fastidiosa, host plants, database, data extraction, subspecies, sequence types

1. Introduction

1.1. Background and terms of reference as provided by the requestor

In the context of Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, EFSA was asked by the European Commission DG SANTE to provide technical assistance in the field of plant health as regards the regulated harmful organism Xylella fastidiosa, as per letter to EFSA's Director dated 30 June 2016 (Reference ARES (2016) 3126989).

EFSA was requested to further specify and update the host plants database of X. fastidiosa available in 2016 (EFSA, 2016) taking into account the different X. fastidiosa subspecies and strains (with particular reference to the European isolates), with the inclusion of information on non‐susceptible plants and varieties and negative results of diagnostic tests when available. EFSA was requested to maintain and update this database periodically and to make new releases available on the EFSA website, together with a Scientific Report. The database should focus on plants confirmed to be infected by at least two detection methods in field conditions or via vector transmission under experimental conditions. Such request was for the period 2016–2020.

This mandate was extended by the European Commission DG SANTE for the period 2021–2026, with the aim to continue the update of that database. EFSA is requested to deliver two updates per year of the database.

1.2. Interpretation of the terms of reference

EFSA delivered in September 2018 a renovated database of host plants of Xylella spp., taking into account both species of the genus Xylella (X. fastidiosa and X. taiwanensis) (EFSA, 2018), which was last updated in June 2022 (EFSA, 2022). Raw data and interactive reports were published in Zenodo 1 in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community and in Microstrategy 2 platform, together with a scientific report.

As per terms of reference (ToR), EFSA was requested to maintain and update the Xylella spp. host plant database for the period 2021–2026, and to publish new releases online together with a report twice per year. This Scientific Report provides a new update on the database of host plants of Xylella spp. published in June 2022 (EFSA, 2022). An extensive literature search was conducted to retrieve recent publications on the topic and new informative data on host plant species of Xylella spp. were collected. Such report provides information on the literature review and a detailed view on the currently known host plants of Xylella spp.

2. Data and methodologies

The methodologies developed for the Xylella spp. host plant database published in 2018 (EFSA, 2018) were applied in this report.

The process was divided in the following steps:

  • Extensive literature search to identify relevant references.
  • Selection of studies based on title, abstract and full text.
  • Data extraction of relevant information.
  • Data analysis and reporting.

2.1. Extensive literature search

The review question, ‘Which plant species can host Xylella / Xylella associated disease?’ was broken down into key stages using the P/O conceptual model described in the EFSA systematic review guidance (EFSA, 2010):

  • Population of interest (P)

The population of interest is that of plant species, worldwide.

  • Outcome (condition of interest) (O)

The outcome (condition of interest) is that of Xylella spp. infection.

Two main elements were considered for the extensive literature search: the sources of information (Table 1) to be consulted and the search strategy (Table 2).

Table 1

Sources of information

DatabasePlatform
ScopusScopus
BIOSIS Citation IndexWeb of Science
CABI: CAB Abstracts®
Chinese Science Citation DatabaseSM
Current Contents Connect
FSTA® ‐ the food science resource
KCI‐Korean Journal Database
MEDLINE®
Russian Science Citation Index
SciELO Citation Index
Web of Science Core Collection
  • Science Citation Index Expanded
  • Social Sciences Citation Index
  • Arts & Humanities Citation Index
  • Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐ Science
  • Conference Proceedings Citation Index‐ Social Science & Humanities
  • Book Citation Index– Science
  • Book Citation Index– Social Sciences & Humanities
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index
  • Current Chemical Reactions
  • Index Chemicus
Zoological Record

Table 2

Search strings and results

PlatformQueryResults
Scopus(TITLE‐ABS‐KEY (xylella OR xyllela OR xylela OR (pierce* W/2 disease) OR (((plum OR plums) AND “leaf scald*”)) OR ((phony W/2 (peach* OR disease*))) OR ((citrus AND variegat* AND chlorosis)) OR crespera OR “almond leaf scorch*” OR “bacterial leaf scorch*” OR “coffee leaf scorch*” OR “mulberry leaf scorch*” OR “oleander leaf scorch*” OR “sycamore leaf scorch*” OR “Periwinkle wilt” OR “Ragweed stunt” OR ((olive W/50 “quick decline syndrome”)) OR “Xylem inhabiting bacteri*” OR “Xylem limited bacteri*” OR fxib OR fxjb OR “rickettsialike bacteri*” OR “rickettsia like bacteri*”)) AND (ORIG‐LOAD‐DATE > 20,190,701 AND ORIG‐LOAD‐DATE < 20,201,231))64
Web of ScienceTS = (xylella OR xyllela OR xylela OR (pierce* NEAR/2 disease) OR (((Plum OR plums) AND “leaf scald*”)) OR ((Phony NEAR/2 (peach* OR disease*))) OR ((citrus AND variegat* AND chlorosis)) OR crespera OR “almond leaf scorch*” OR “bacterial leaf scorch*” OR “coffee leaf scorch*” OR “mulberry leaf scorch*” OR “oleander leaf scorch*” OR “sycamore leaf scorch*” OR “Periwinkle wilt” OR “Ragweed stunt” OR ((Olive NEAR “quick decline syndrome”)) OR “Xylem inhabiting bacteri*” OR “Xylem limited bacteri*” OR FXIB OR FXJB OR “rickettsialike bacteri*” OR “rickettsia like bacteri*”)83

2.1.1. Information sources

The search strategy was run in all databases listed in Table 1 via the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) and Scopus platforms with no language or document type restriction.

2.1.2. Search terms

The syntax of the search string, developed for the Xylella spp. host plants database published in 2018 (EFSA, 2018), was adapted and run into each platform databases listed in Table 1 on 29 August 2022. As the scope of the search was to retrieve references published after December 2021, the selected time span was from 1 January 2022 up to 30 June 2022. The search strings and the number of retrieved references are shown in Table 2.

The collected references were downloaded and imported into an EndNote X9 library (Clarivate Analytics). Duplicates and references already included in the update published in June 2022 (EFSA, 2022) were removed using EndNote X9 and the remaining references were uploaded on DistillerSR online 3 together with the full texts in portable document format (pdf).

Eleven Europhyt outbreak notifications 4 (accessed on 20 October 2022) were also included.

2.2. Study selection

The collected references were screened for relevance in two steps:

  1. Title and abstract screening.
  2. Full‐text screening of the references that passed the first step.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied in each step and two reviewers worked in parallel screening the references.

The first step required the reviewers to answer two questions, listed in Table 3, considering only title and abstract of the references. The aim of this step was to select only references presenting original research data on Xylella or Xylella‐associated disease.

Table 3

Inclusion/exclusion criteria for title and abstract screening

Question textType of answerAnswer textExclusion criteria
Is Xylella/a Xylella associated disease/a Xylella synonym the topic of the study?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesIncluded
NoExcluded
Is it a primary research study?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesIncluded
NoExcluded

The references that passed the first step were submitted to the full‐text screening. This second step required the reviewers to answer four questions (Table 4): three of them are descriptive (neutral) whereas the fourth has an inclusion/exclusion role.

Table 4

Inclusion/exclusion criteria at full‐text screening

Question textType of answerAnswer textExclusion criteria
Is an English abstract present?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesNeutral
NoNeutral
Which is the type of the publication?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedPeer‐reviewed articleNeutral
ArticleNeutral
BookNeutral
Conference proceedingsNeutral
AbstractNeutral
Technical publication/ReportNeutral
OtherNeutral
Is the Xylella host plant the main scope of the study?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesNeutral
NoNeutral
Is Xylella/a Xylella‐associated disease/a Xylella synonym studied in association with a host plant?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesIncluded
NoExcluded

2.3. Data extraction

Informative data listed in Table 5 were extracted from the selected references. For each reference, the first reviewer performed the data extraction whereas the second reviewer conducted the quality check of the extracted data. Data extraction from each reference can generate one or several records. A record is defined as a unique combination of data related to a detection event, and it corresponds to a single Excel row of the files published in Zenodo (see Section 2.4.1). 5

Table 5

Data extraction structure

Extracted dataDescription
General information In this section, the general information about the study is reported
RecordIDUnique number allocated to each row
RefIDUnique number allocated to each reference within the DistillerSR software
ReferenceFull reference
Publication yearYear of the publication
Starting yearStarting year of the study, as reported in the publication
Ending yearEnding year of the study, as reported in the publication
Botanical identification The botanical identification of the plant, both as reported in the publication and according to the updated taxonomy of the EPPO Global Database, 5 is reported in this section
Plant EPPO codeEPPO code of the plant species, from the EPPO global database. 5 For plant species not present in the EPPO global database, a new code was created in the EFSA catalogue.
Plant familyPlant family, from the EPPO global database 5
Plant genusPlant genus, from the EPPO global database 5
Plant speciesPlant species, from the EPPO global database 5
Reported plant speciesName of the plant species as reported in the publication
Common nameCommon name of the plant species, as reported in the publication
CultivarCultivar or plant variety, as reported in the publication
Infection information Detailed information about the infection and location of the plant is reported in this section
Infection method (Level 1)The infection of the plant can be natural, artificial or not specified
Infection method (Level 2)

Subcategories of natural infection: during survey activity, during research activity. ‘Research activity’ is used when plants are planted under natural inoculum pressure and infection development was monitored without interfering.

Subcategories of artificial infection: mechanical inoculation (detailed at level 3a), vector transmission (detailed at level 3b)

Mechanical inoculation (Level 3a)Subcategories of mechanical inoculation: budding, grafting, needle, root uptake, stem absorption, syringe
Infection vector species (Level 3b)Insect species used in the artificial vector transmission
Location typeThe place where the plant was placed: natural habitat, greenhouse, screen house, interception, not specified
Geographic information In this section, the geographical location of the plant is reported, as detailed as possible. In case of intercepted plant, the reported location is the geographical origin of the plant and not the country and location where it was intercepted.
Country codeFrom the EFSA catalogue, based on NUTS (Eurostat) and GAUL (FAO) territorial unit nomenclature
CountryFrom the EFSA catalogue, based on NUTS (Eurostat) and GAUL (FAO) territorial unit nomenclature
LocationLocation description (state/region/province/municipality) from the EFSA catalogue, based on NUTS (Eurostat) and GAUL (FAO) territorial unit nomenclature
Additional LocationAdditional information on the location, as reported in the publication
Coordinates precisionCoordinates as reported in the publication
LatitudeLatitude, as reported in the publication
LongitudeLongitude, as reported in the publication
Pest description Information about the pest is reported in this section, together with genetic data
Pest EPPO codeEPPO code of the pest, from the EPPO global database 5
Pest speciesName of Xylella spp., from the EPPO global database 5
Pest subspecies Xylella fastidiosa subspecies, from the EPPO global database. 5 If the subspecies is inferred from another publication, a note is added to the genotyping comment
Reported pestName of Xylella spp. as reported in the publication. Names used before the genus Xylella was established (up to 1987): Alfalfa dwarf virus, Morus suffodiens virus, Phony peach bacterium, Pierce's disease bacterium, Pierce's disease virus, Rickettsia‐like bacteria, Rod‐shaped bacteria, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria. Names used from 1987 (when the genus Xylella was established): Xylella fastidiosa, Xylella taiwanensis
DiseaseName of the disease caused by Xylella spp., as reported in the publication: Alfalfa dwarf, Almond leaf scorch, Bacterial leaf scorch, Blueberry bacterial leaf scorch, Citrus variegated chlorosis, Coffee leaf scorch, Coffee stem atrophy, Crespera, Elm leaf scorch, Leaf scorch disease, Mulberry leaf scorch, Oleander leaf scorch, Olive quick decline syndrome, Pear leaf scorch, Pecan bacterial leaf scorch, Periwinkle wilt, Phony peach disease, Pierce disease, Plum leaf scald, Potato purple top disease, Ragweed stunt, Sweetgum dieback, Sycamore leaf scorch
StrainName of the strain of Xylella spp., as reported in the publication
MLST (Multilocus sequence type)Sequence type (ST) of Xylella fastidiosa, as reported in the publication. If the ST is inferred from another publication, a note is added in the genotyping comment
Genotyping commentComment or additional information regarding the pest
Methods of identification In this section, the identification methods applied to detect Xylella spp. infection are listed. Eight detection methods were considered and for each of them the outcome of the analysis (positive or negative), together with the number of infected plants and the total number of analysed plants, were reported. Moreover, additional information could be added in the comment column beside each detection method
SymptomsObservation of symptoms in the plant, as reported in the publication
Symptoms expression in test plantsObservation of symptom development in test plants after an attempt to transmit the pathogen through vectors
CulturePure culture isolation (i.e. isolation of cultivable bacteria from tissue samples on solid culture media)
MicroscopyObservation of Xylella spp. bacteria through microscopic analysis techniques
ELISAEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Other immunological techniquesImmunological techniques other than ELISA
PCR‐based methodsPolymerase chain reaction‐based methods (PCR, nested PCR, qPCR, etc.)
SequencingSequence analysis
Host status Information about the tolerance and resistance response of the plant
Tolerance/Resistance reportedTolerant/resistant status of the plant, as reported in the publication
Tolerance/Resistance categoryCategories describing the response of the tolerant/resistant plant: lack of infection or negative reading, lack of systemic movement, lack or reduction of symptoms, lack or reduction of symptoms – lower bacterial population, lack or reduction of symptoms – lower bacterial population – lower disease incidence, lack or reduction of symptoms – lower disease incidence, lower bacterial population, lower bacterial population – lower disease incidence, lower disease incidence, infection not persistent, reported as tolerant/resistant (no details)
Tolerance/Resistance commentComment on the tolerant/resistant response of the plant, as reported in the publication
Additional information
CommentAdditional relevant information or comment on the study
Confirmed record‘Yes’ for confirmed records, ‘No’ for unconfirmed/dubious records. Unconfirmed records were included in the data extraction but excluded from the data analysis

2.4. Data warehouse

A harmonised data model has been established to collect data on Xylella spp. host plants. The aim was to establish a harmonised data flow for the collection and the collation of an extensive literature review generated data in the plant health domain. Data are stored in EFSA Scientific Data Warehouse (S‐DWH), after that an ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) procedure is applied in order to harmonise and calculated the statistics.

2.4.1. Data management

The collected data have been submitted to the EFSA Data Collection Framework (DCF). DCF is the upfront system in the EFSA pipeline of data collection tools and allows a first step of harmonisation against the EFSA controlled reference terminology (aka EFSA catalogues). Data have been then included in the S‐DWH by means of a standardised Extract Transform Load (ETL) procedure and they have been further analysed and managed to generate needed statistics.

Data are available as interactive reports on the Microstrategy platform at the following link:

https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, this report refers to version 7 (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1339343 ).

2.4.2. Data reporting

Data reporting was designed to distinguish the Xylella spp. host plant species, based on the number and type of detection methods applied for each finding. Different combinations of detection methods were considered:

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation).

3. Results

3.1. Results of the literature review

The extensive literature search was conducted on 29 August 2022 on Web of Science and Scopus platforms and 147 references were collected. Duplicates and references already included in EFSA (2022) were removed and 97 references were uploaded in DistillerSR and screened for relevance. Results of the screening process are shown in Figure 1.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is EFS2-21-e07726-g002.jpg

Flow diagram of the screening process

In the first step, i.e. title and abstract screening, 70 references were excluded either because they do not focus on Xylella or Xylella‐associated diseases and/or they are not primary research studies. The selected 27 references were subjected to the second step of the screening process, i.e. the full‐text screening. Nineteen references, in which Xylella spp. is studied in association to a host plant, were selected. Eleven Europhyt outbreak notifications 4 containing informative data were also included in the data extraction. Totally, 30 references (listed in Appendix E) were included in this update of the database and from which informative data listed in Table 5 were extracted.

3.2. Update of records already included in the database

Scientific names of plant species, genera and families are reported, as far as possible, according to the taxonomy of the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, 2022) that is constantly being updated. Therefore, changes of scientific names of plant species, genera and families in the Xylella spp. host plant database are related to the update of the taxonomy in the EPPO Global Database.

Records referring to Europhyt outbreak notifications, that may contain incomplete data, are updated whenever additional information (e.g. further identification of the plant species, X. fastidiosa subspecies, ST) become available. Records referring to Europhyt outbreak notifications n. ‐124 (Balearic Islands, Spain) and n. 753 (Porto, Portugal) have been updated in the database following additional information received by the respective NPPO. Records on some infected plant species in the outbreak of Monte Argentario (IT) have been modified following correction of data reported in Europhyt outbreak notification n. 718. In particular, Phillyrea latifolia (EPPO code ‘PLRLA’) and Rosa sp. (ROSSS) were replaced by Rhamnus alaternus (‘RHAAL’) and by Rosa canina (‘ROSCN’), respectively. Scabiosa sp. (‘SCBSS’) was afterwards identified as Scabiosa atropurpurea var. maritima (‘SXLAM’), while Nerium oleander was erroneously reported as infected and then removed from the list. Salvia sp. (‘SALSS’) infected in Apulia region (Europhyt outbreak notification n. ‐228) was afterwards identified as Salvia rosmarinus (‘RMSOF’).

3.3. Host plant species of Xylella spp.

The updated numbers of host plant species, genera and families (according to the different categories reported in Section 2.4.2) are reported in Figure 2 and Table 6. The number of plant species raised to 423 according to category A [i.e. plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation)] to 679 plant species of category E (i.e. all positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is EFS2-21-e07726-g001.jpg

Number of host plant species according to the different categories (as described in Section 2.4.2). Plant species in category A are included in category B; plant species in category B are included in category C; plant species in category C are included in category D; plant species in category D are included in category E

Table 6

Number of host plant species, genera and families of Xylella spp. according to categories A, B, C, D, E (based on the detection methods applied – see Section 2.4.2)

ABCDE
Number of host plant species 423428664673679
Number of host plant genera 194195303303304
Number of host plant families 6868888888

Compared to the previous update of the database published in June 2022 (EFSA, 2022), 15 plant species (and six genera) were identified as new hosts of X. fastidiosa. Those plant species and genera were not previously reported in the database. Details of those new hosts of X. fastidiosa are summarised in Table 7.

Table 7

New host plants of X. fastidiosa. For each host plant, the infection method, the country, the X. fastidiosa subspecies and the category (see Section 2.4.2) are reported. New plant species and new genera are highlighted in bold

Plant EPPO codePlant familyPlant genusPlant speciesInfection methodCountry X. fastidiosa subspeciesCategory
AYLBJFabaceaeAnthyllis Anthyllis barba‐jovis NaturalFrance multiplex A
CDTSEPoaceae Cortaderia Cortaderia selloana NaturalPortugalunknownA
INUVIAsteraceae Dittrichia Dittrichia viscosa NaturalFrance multiplex A
HYPANHypericaceaeHypericum Hypericum androsaemum NaturalPortugal multiplex A
LEPRUBrassicaceaeLepidium Lepidium ruderale NaturalBrazilunknownC
LEPRUBrassicaceaeLepidium Lepidium ruderale Artificial multiplex C
MYMSSScrophulariaceaeMyoporum Myoporum sp. NaturalFrance multiplex A
PTNHYAsteraceae Parthenium Parthenium hysterophorus NaturalBrazilunknownC
PLAMAPlantaginaceaePlantago Plantago major NaturalBrazilunknownC
RAPSRBrassicaceae Raphanus Raphanus sativus NaturalBrazilunknownC
RAPSRBrassicaceae Raphanus Raphanus sativus Artificial multiplex C
RUBIDRosaceaeRubus Rubus idaeus NaturalPortugalunknownA
RUMSSPolygonaceaeRumex Rumex sp.NaturalBrazilunknownC
RUAGRRutaceaeRuta Ruta graveolens NaturalPortugal multiplex A
SNTSSAsteraceaeSantolina Santolina sp. NaturalPortugal multiplex A
SXLAMCaprifoliaceae Scabiosa Scabiosa atropurpurea var. maritima NaturalItaly multiplex A
THYVULamiaceae Thymus Thymus vulgaris NaturalSpain pauca A

All the new plant species have been found to be naturally infected. Five plant species were reported infected by X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported) in Brazil, and for two of those plant species, artificial infection with X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex has also been successful. In the EU, five new plant species were identified in Portugal, three in France, one in Italy and one in Spain. The subspecies identified in those plants was multiplex (seven plant species), pauca (one plant species) or unknown (two plant species).

The overall number of host plant species infected naturally, artificially and in unspecified conditions by the different X. fastidiosa subspecies and according to the different categories are reported in Tables 8, ,99 and and10.10. The plant species behind the numbers shown in those tables are listed in.

Table 8

Number of host plant species, naturally infected, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as described in Section 2.4.2)

Category fastidiosa fastidiosa_sandyi morus multiplex pauca sandyi tashke unknown
A58242125571162
B58242125571167
C61242195981367
D61242195981373
E61242195981384

Table 9

Number of host plant species, artificially infected, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as described in Section 2.4.2)

Category fastidiosa morus multiplex pauca sandyi tashke unknown
A40219205089
B41219215094
C7823533111202
D7823533111208
E7923633111216

Table 10

Number of host plant species, infected in unspecified conditions, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as described in Section 2.4.2)

Category fastidiosa multiplex pauca sandyi unknown
A7138116
B7138118
C7168227
D7168229
E7168231

Appendices A, B and C. In those appendices, the full lists of plant species infected by the different X. fastidiosa subspecies naturally, artificially and in not specified conditions according to the five categories are shown.

The highest number of plant species naturally infected is still recorded for X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex (212 according to category A, up to 219 for category E), followed by subsp. fastidiosa and subsp. pauca. In artificial infection, 40 (category A) and 79 (category E) plant species were successfully infected by X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. Twenty plant species were artificially infected by subsp. pauca and 19 by subsp. multiplex (category A), up to 33 and 36 for category E (for pauca and multiplex, respectively).

No new host plants were reported for the pathogen species Xylella taiwanensis, that so far was recorded only in Pyrus pyrifolia plants.

3.4. X. fastidiosa sequence types and host plants association

The full list of plant species infected by the different X. fastidiosa sequence types (ST) under natural, artificial and unspecified conditions is reported in Appendix D. For each plant species, the number of records 6 reporting infection by a specific ST is counted. For natural infection, the country where the plant species have been identified is also reported, whereas for artificial and unspecified infection only, the total number of records is presented in the appendix.

Totally, 2,347 records reporting information on 262 plant species infected by 89 different STs have been reported in the database. Most of the records (1,738) refer to natural infections that were reported in North, Central and South America (United States of America, Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Brazil and Argentina), Europe (Portugal, Spain, France and Italy). The highest number of records for artificial infections belongs to STs of subsp. pauca (247 records). While ST1 (subsp. fastidiosa) remains the most used ST in artificial infections, now with 173 records, ST53 (subsp. pauca) is the most reported genotype in natural infections (475).

Compared to the previous version of the database (EFSA, 2022), two new STs have been identified worldwide. Both new STs belong to the subsp. multiplex and were identified in natural infections in France, respectively, in Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca, Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Euryops chrysanthemoides, Hebe sp., Lavandula x intermedia, Polygala myrtifolia (ST88) and Myoporum sp. and Viburnum tinus (ST89).

3.5. Tolerant and resistant responses of plant species

Information on tolerant and resistant response of plant species to X. fastidiosa infection have also been reported in the database. The list of plant genera and species for which tolerant and resistant response have been identified is reported in Table 11. Five additional records that include this information have been inserted in the database compared to the previous version (EFSA, 2022). Information on tolerant/resistant status is available for 72 plant species with a total number of 713 records.

Table 11

Number of records reporting tolerant/resistant response for plant genus and species

Plant genus and speciesNumber of records
Arabidopsis 4
Arabidopsis thaliana 4
Citrus 175
Citrus celebica 1
Citrus clementina 4
Citrus jambhiri 2
Citrus junos 1
Citrus latifolia 1
Citrus limettioides 1
Citrus limon 14
Citrus medica 1
Citrus natsudaidai 1
Citrus paradisi 5
Citrus reticulata 9
Citrus reticulata x C. sinensis x C. paradisi 1
Citrus sinensis 8
Citrus sp.70
Citrus tangerina 32
Citrus x nobilis 11
Citrus x tangelo 13
Coffea 5
Coffea arabica 4
Coffea sp.1
Fortunella 1
Fortunella margarita 1
Medicago 2
Medicago sativa 2
Olea 34
Olea europaea 34
Platanus 2
Platanus sp.2
Poncirus 3
Poncirus trifoliata 3
Prunus 58
Prunus angustifolia 1
Prunus armeniaca 3
Prunus avium 5
Prunus cerasus 2
Prunus domestica 3
Prunus dulcis 8
Prunus persica 7
Prunus salicina 14
Prunus sp.13
Prunus x amygdalo‐persica 2
Quercus 2
Quercus ilex 2
Vaccinium 10
Vaccinium corymbosum 6
Vaccinium sp.4
Vitis 417
Vitis aestivalis 4
Vitis arizonica 104
Vitis arizonica hybrid6
Vitis arizonica x V. rupestris 6
Vitis arizonica x V. vinifera 1
Vitis arizonica/candicans 3
Vitis arizonica/candicans x V. rupestris 2
Vitis arizonica/girdiana 1
Vitis berlandieri 9
Vitis berlandieri x riparia hybrids6
Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris 4
Vitis candicans 23
Vitis champinii x (V. solonis x V. othello) 1
Vitis cinerea 7
Vitis cinerea x V. berlandieri 2
Vitis girdiana 20
Vitis monticola 4
Vitis munsoniana 3
Vitis popenoei 1
Vitis riparia 19
Vitis rotundifolia 58
Vitis rotundifolia x V. rupestris 1
Vitis simpsonii 1
Vitis sp.76
Vitis tiliaefolia 1
Vitis treleasei 6
Vitis vinifera 25
Vitis vinifera hybrid6
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana 4
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana x V. simpsonii 4
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana x V. vinifera 1
Vitis nesbittiana 2
Vitis rufotomentosa 1
Vitis shuttleworthii 5
TOTAL 713

The most studied genera are Vitis, Citrus and Prunus (417, 175 and 58 records, respectively), confirming the important economic value of these crop plant species. Almost all of the new records added to this update are related to Leccino cultivar of Olea europaea species (four records), which now gathers 34 records. A new record reporting resistant behaviour in Vaccinium corymbosum cultivar Emerald has also been added.

To the aim of this study, different tolerant/resistant response to X. fastidiosa infection has been grouped into 11 categories, as reported in Table 12. Those categories include the plant response/s for which the authors of the publication considered that plant as tolerant/resistant to X. fastidiosa infection. One hundred and twenty‐nine publications, which match 713 records, for the most part (442) reporting artificial infections, return information on tolerance and resistance outcome to X. fastidiosa infection. In 45 publications, the authors consider the plant tolerant or resistant, but without adding further details, whereas in 24 publications (and 243 records), the plant is designated tolerant or resistant based on a lower bacterial population it harbours. In 235 cases, this finding comes from artificial infections. The lack of infection and the lack or reduction of symptoms (78 records in each case) are the two most reported tolerant/resistant outcomes in natural infections.

Table 12

Number of records and publications for tolerance/resistance category

Tolerance/resistance categoryNumber of recordsNumber of publications
Artificial infectionNatural infectionInfection not specified
Lack of infection or Negative reading427814
Lack of systemic movement507
Lack or reduction of symptoms747812
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population201417
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence22
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower disease incidence21
Lower bacterial population235824
Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence33
Lower disease incidence64
Not persistent infection533
Reported as tolerant/resistant_no details16284945
TOTAL 442 222 49 132

4. Conclusions

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to create, maintain and regularly update a database of host plant species of Xylella spp. This Scientific Report summarises the most interesting information reported in the new version of the database (version 7).

An extensive literature search was performed including all scientific papers published up to 30 June 2022, as well as additional Europhyt outbreak notifications (last accessed on 20 October 2022).

By these searches, 30 publications were selected and informative data were extracted.

Fifteen host plant species and six genera were identified as new hosts of X. fastidiosa. Those plant species and genera were not previously reported as hosts of X. fastidiosa. The new plant species have been found to be naturally infected in Brazil, France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The X. fastidiosa subspecies identified were multiplex, pauca or unknown (i.e. not reported). Two of those new plant species were also successfully artificially infected with X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex. No new data was retrieved for X. taiwanensis.

Compared to the previous version of the database (EFSA, 2022), two new STs, namely ST88 and ST89, belonging to the subsp. multiplex and detected in six and two host species, respectively, have been identified in natural infections occurring in France. It is worth mentioning that the list of new STs had not been updated for 4 years, when ST87 was identified in the X. fastidiosa outbreak found in Tuscany.

Information on tolerant/resistant status were reported for 72 plant species in 126 publications, with a total number of 713 records. The most studied and reported plant taxa are still the economically important genera Citrus, Prunus and Vitis. Newly acquired information on resistance or tolerance responses to infection were reported for Olea europaea (four records) and Vaccinium corymbosum (one record).

The overall number of Xylella spp. host plants reaches now 423 plant species, 194 genera and 68 families for category A [i.e. plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation)], till 679 plant species, 304 genera and 88 families for category E (i.e. all positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods).

A further update of the EFSA database on Xylella spp. host plants is planned for June 2023 with the aim to provide useful information and scientific support to risk assessors, risk managers and researchers dealing with Xylella spp.

Data are available as interactive reports on the Microstrategy platform at the following link:

https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, this report refers to version 7 (doi:  10.5281/zenodo.1339343 ).

Abbreviations

DCF
Data Collection Framework
EFSA PLH Panel
EFSA Panel on Plant Health
ELISA
enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
EPPO
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation
ETL
Extract Transform Load
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
S‐DWH
EFSA Scientific Data Warehouse
ST
sequence type

Appendix A – Host plant species naturally infected

List of host plant species, naturally infected, of X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported in the publication), subsp. fastidiosa, subsp. fastidiosa/sandyi, subsp. morus, subsp. multiplex, subsp. pauca, subsp. sandyi, subsp. tashke and X. taiwanensis according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as reported in Section 2.4.2):

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation).

NPlant EPPO codePlant SpeciesPestCategory ACategory BCategory CCategory DCategory E
1ACASA Acacia saligna Xf subsp. unknownA
2ACRRB Acer rubrum Xf subsp. unknownA
3ALBJU Albizia julibrissin Xf subsp. unknownA
4AMARE Amaranthus retroflexus Xf subsp. unknownA
5AMBPS Ambrosia psilostachya Xf subsp. unknownA
6AMBTR Ambrosia trifida Xf subsp. unknownA
7AMCAR Ampelopsis arborea Xf subsp. unknownA
8AMCBR Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Xf subsp. unknownA
9AMCBH Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. hancei Xf subsp. unknownA
10CC135APeriwinkle (common name)Xf subsp. unknownA
11ASPAC Asparagus acutifolius Xf subsp. unknownA
12BACHA Baccharis halimifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
13BACSS Baccharis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
14BRSSS Brassica sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
15CLIAM Callicarpa americana Xf subsp. unknownA
16CYAAQ Carya aquatica Xf subsp. unknownA
17CYACA Carya cathayensis Xf subsp. unknownA
18CYACO Carya cordiformis Xf subsp. unknownA
19CYAFL Carya floridana Xf subsp. unknownA
20CYAGL Carya glabra Xf subsp. unknownA
21CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
22CYALA Carya laciniosa Xf subsp. unknownA
23CYAPA Carya pallida Xf subsp. unknownA
24CC275A Carya palmeri Xf subsp. unknownA
25CYATO Carya tomentosa Xf subsp. unknownA
26CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. unknownA
27CCSOC Cercis occidentalis Xf subsp. unknownA
28CASFA Chamaecrista fasciculata Xf subsp. unknownA
29CIORE Chionanthus retusus Xf subsp. unknownA
30CXKTA Chitalpa tashkentensis Xf subsp. unknownA
31CSTIC Cistus creticus Xf subsp. unknownA
32CIDAU Citrus aurantium Xf subsp. unknownA
33CIDCE Citrus celebica Xf subsp. unknownA
34CIDJA Citrus jambhiri Xf subsp. unknownA
35CIDLI Citrus limon Xf subsp. unknownA
36CIDME Citrus medica Xf subsp. unknownA
37CIDNA Citrus natsudaidai Xf subsp. unknownA
38CIDPA Citrus paradisi Xf subsp. unknownA
39CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. unknownA
40CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
41CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
42CIDTG Citrus tangerina Xf subsp. unknownA
43CIDNO Citrus x nobilis Xf subsp. unknownA
44CIDRP Citrus x tangelo Xf subsp. unknownA
45CGACY Coelorachis cylindrica Xf subsp. unknownA
46COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. unknownA
47COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
48COIMA Conium maculatum Xf subsp. unknownA
49CDTSE Cortaderia selloana Xf subsp. unknownA
50DIGSS Digitaria sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
51DOSKA Diospyros kaki Xf subsp. unknownA
52DPYPA Diplocyclos palmatus Xf subsp. unknownA
53DODVI Dodonaea viscosa Xf subsp. unknownA
54EPHTE Euphorbia terracina Xf subsp. unknownA
55FAUCR Fagus crenata Xf subsp. unknownA
56FATJA Fatsia japonica Xf subsp. unknownA
57FIUCA Ficus carica Xf subsp. unknownA
58FRXPE Fraxinus pennsylvanica Xf subsp. unknownA
59GIKBI Ginkgo biloba Xf subsp. unknownA
60CC278A Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Xf subsp. unknownA
61GREJU Grevillea juniperina Xf subsp. unknownA
62HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. unknownA
63HEGSS Hemerocallis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
64HIBSH Hibiscus schizopetalus Xf subsp. unknownA
65HUMJA Humulus scandens Xf subsp. unknownA
66ILEVO Ilex vomitoria Xf subsp. unknownA
67IVAAN Iva annua Xf subsp. unknownA
68IACMI Jacaranda mimosifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
69IUGSS Juglans sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
70IUPAS Juniperus ashei Xf subsp. unknownA
71LAEIN Lagerstroemia indica Xf subsp. unknownA
72LAESS Lagerstroemia sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
73LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. unknownA
74LAVAN Lavandula angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
75LAVDE Lavandula dentata Xf subsp. unknownA
76LAVST Lavandula stoechas Xf subsp. unknownA
77LIGLU Ligustrum lucidum Xf subsp. unknownA
78LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. unknownA
79LONJA Lonicera japonica Xf subsp. unknownA
80LUPAD Lupinus aridorum Xf subsp. unknownA
81LUPVI Lupinus villosus Xf subsp. unknownA
82MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. unknownA
83MLLPA Mallotus paniculatus Xf subsp. unknownA
84MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
85MIMSS Mimosa sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
86MODCA Modiola caroliniana Xf subsp. unknownA
87MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. unknownA
88MORRU Morus rubra Xf subsp. unknownA
89MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
90MYMIN Myoporum insulare Xf subsp. unknownA
91MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. unknownA
92NANDO Nandina domestica Xf subsp. unknownA
93NPTLU Neptunia lutea Xf subsp. unknownA
94NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. unknownA
95OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. unknownA
96OLVES Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris Xf subsp. unknownA
97OLVSS Olea sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
98PRTQU Parthenocissus quinquefolia Xf subsp. unknownA
99PASDI Paspalum dilatatum Xf subsp. unknownA
100PEBAM Persea americana Xf subsp. unknownA
101PHXRE Phoenix reclinata Xf subsp. unknownA
102PHXRO Phoenix roebelenii Xf subsp. unknownA
103PIUTD Pinus taeda Xf subsp. unknownA
104PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. unknownA
105PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
106POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
107PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. unknownA
108PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. unknownA
109CC209A Prunus cerasifera x P. munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownA
110PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. unknownA
111PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. unknownA
112PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. unknownA
113PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
114PTEAQ Pteridium aquilinum Xf subsp. unknownA
115PYUPY Pyrus pyrifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
116PYUSS Pyrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
117QUECO Quercus coccinea Xf subsp. unknownA
118QUEFC Quercus falcata Xf subsp. unknownA
119QUELA Quercus laevis Xf subsp. unknownA
120QUELF Quercus laurifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
121QUENI Quercus nigra Xf subsp. unknownA
122QUEPA Quercus palustris Xf subsp. unknownA
123QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. unknownA
124QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
125QUEVE Quercus velutina Xf subsp. unknownA
126QUEVI Quercus virginiana Xf subsp. unknownA
127RATCO Ratibida columnifera Xf subsp. unknownA
128RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. unknownA
129RHUSS Rhus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
130RUBHP Rubus hedycarpus subsp. procerus Xf subsp. unknownA
131RUBID Rubus idaeus Xf subsp. unknownA
132RUBSS Rubus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
133RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. unknownA
134SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. unknownA
135SSAAL Sassafras albidum Xf subsp. unknownA
136SSASS Sassafras sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
137SETMG Setaria magna Xf subsp. unknownA
138SOOFI Solidago fistulosa Xf subsp. unknownA
139SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. unknownA
140SWTPS Stewartia pseudocamellia Xf subsp. unknownA
141ZMYDI Symphyotrichum divaricatum Xf subsp. unknownA
142TRFRE Trifolium repens Xf subsp. unknownA
143ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. unknownA
144ULMGL Ulmus glabra Xf subsp. unknownA
145ULMPU Ulmus pumila Xf subsp. unknownA
146ULMSS Ulmus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
147VACAH Vaccinium ashei Xf subsp. unknownA
148VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. unknownA
149VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
150VACVG Vaccinium virgatum Xf subsp. unknownA
151VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. unknownA
152VINMI Vinca minor Xf subsp. unknownA
153VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. unknownA
154VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. unknownA
155VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. unknownA
156CC241A Vitis labrusca x V. vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
157VITMU Vitis munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownA
158CC242A Vitis muscadina Xf subsp. unknownA
159VITRI Vitis riparia Xf subsp. unknownA
160VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
161VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
162VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
163ACRSC Acer saccharum Xf subsp. unknownB
164CYPER Cyperus eragrostis Xf subsp. unknownB
165HVEBR Hevea brasiliensis Xf subsp. unknownB
166PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. unknownB
167SORHA Sorghum halepense Xf subsp. unknownB
168ACALO Acacia longifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
169ACRMA Acer macrophyllum Xf subsp. unknownC
170ACRNE Acer negundo Xf subsp. unknownC
171ACRPL Acer platanoides Xf subsp. unknownC
172ACRSS Acer sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
173AECHY Aesculus x hybridaXf subsp. unknownC
174AGTAU Agathis australis Xf subsp. unknownC
175AGSGI Agrostis gigantea Xf subsp. unknownC
176AEYEX Alectryon excelsus Xf subsp. unknownC
177ALRFI Alternanthera ficoidea Xf subsp. unknownC
178AMASS Amaranthus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
179BRODI Anisantha diandra Xf subsp. unknownC
180BRORI Anisantha rigida Xf subsp. unknownC
181ARYSS Arctostaphylos sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
182ARTDO Artemisia douglasiana Xf subsp. unknownC
183ATXSS Atriplex sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
184AVEFA Avena fatua Xf subsp. unknownC
185AXOCO Axonopus compressus Xf subsp. unknownC
186BACPI Baccharis pilularis Xf subsp. unknownC
187BIDPI Bidens pilosa Xf subsp. unknownC
188BOEDI Boerhavia diffusa Xf subsp. unknownC
189BOILF Borreria latifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
190BRADC Brachiaria decumbens Xf subsp. unknownC
191BRAPL Brachiaria plantaginea Xf subsp. unknownC
192BRGSS Brachyglottis sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
193BROSS Bromus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
194BRNPA Broussonetia papyrifera Xf subsp. unknownC
195CCOSS Calicotome sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
196BLABI Calyptocarpus biaristatus Xf subsp. unknownC
197CMIRA Campsis radicans Xf subsp. unknownC
198CAPBP Capsella bursa‐pastoris Xf subsp. unknownC
199CRXSS Carex sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
200CELOR Celastrus orbiculatus Xf subsp. unknownC
201CCHEC Cenchrus echinatus Xf subsp. unknownC
202CHEMU Chenopodiastrum murale Xf subsp. unknownC
203CHRHA Chloris halophila Xf subsp. unknownC
204CC158A Coffea arabica x C. canephora Xf subsp. unknownC
205CC159A Coffea arabica x C. eugenioides Xf subsp. unknownC
206CC161A Coffea arabica x C. liberica var. dewevrei Xf subsp. unknownC
207CC162A Coffea arabica x C. racemosa Xf subsp. unknownC
208COFCA Coffea canephora Xf subsp. unknownC
209RDGVE Coffea racemosa Xf subsp. unknownC
210CC164A Coffea eugenioides Xf subsp. unknownC
211CC165A Coffea kapakata Xf subsp. unknownC
212COFEX Coffea liberica var. dewevrei Xf subsp. unknownC
213COFST Coffea stenophylla Xf subsp. unknownC
214COMBE Commelina benghalensis Xf subsp. unknownC
215COMER Commelina erecta Xf subsp. unknownC
216CONAR Convolvulus arvensis Xf subsp. unknownC
217CPMRE Coprosma repens Xf subsp. unknownC
218CPMRO Coprosma robusta Xf subsp. unknownC
219CDLAU Cordyline australis Xf subsp. unknownC
220CDLSS Cordyline sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
221CRWFL Cornus florida Xf subsp. unknownC
222CKICO Corokia cotoneaster Xf subsp. unknownC
223CKIMA Corokia macrocarpa Xf subsp. unknownC
224CKISS Corokia sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
225CCKLA Corynocarpus laevigatus Xf subsp. unknownC
226ERMSE Croton setigerus Xf subsp. unknownC
227CYNDA Cynodon dactylon Xf subsp. unknownC
228CYPSS Cyperus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
229SAOSC Cytisus scoparius Xf subsp. unknownC
230DATWR Datura wrightii Xf subsp. unknownC
231DIGHO Digitaria horizontalis Xf subsp. unknownC
232TRCIN Digitaria insularis Xf subsp. unknownC
233DIGSA Digitaria sanguinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
234DUTPL Duranta erecta Xf subsp. unknownC
235CHEAM Dysphania ambrosioides Xf subsp. unknownC
236ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. unknownC
237ELEIN Eleusine indica Xf subsp. unknownC
238ERICA Erigeron canadensis Xf subsp. unknownC
239ERBCO Eriochloa contracta Xf subsp. unknownC
240ERGSS Eriogonum sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
241EROBO Erodium botrys Xf subsp. unknownC
242EROMO Erodium moschatum Xf subsp. unknownC
243EROSS Erodium sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
244ESABI Escallonia bifida Xf subsp. unknownC
245EUCSS Eucalyptus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
246EPHHI Euphorbia hirta Xf subsp. unknownC
247FACAP Facelis retusa Xf subsp. unknownC
248CC180A Fragaria vesca subsp. californica Xf subsp. unknownC
249FRXDI Fraxinus dipetala Xf subsp. unknownC
250FUCMA Fuchsia magellanica Xf subsp. unknownC
251GERDI Geranium dissectum Xf subsp. unknownC
252HAGER Haloragis erecta Xf subsp. unknownC
253HBESS Hebe sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
254HEEHE Hedera helix Xf subsp. unknownC
255HEOFR Heliotropium fruticosum Xf subsp. unknownC
256HEOIN Heliotropium indicum Xf subsp. unknownC
257HTTGR Heterotheca grandiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
258HORMU Hordeum murinum Xf subsp. unknownC
259HYEPA Hydrangea paniculata Xf subsp. unknownC
260HRYBR Hypochaeris brasiliensis Xf subsp. unknownC
261IPOFI Ipomoea fistulosa Xf subsp. unknownC
262LACSE Lactuca serriola Xf subsp. unknownC
263LECSI Leonurus sibiricus Xf subsp. unknownC
264LEPAU Lepidium auriculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
265COPDI Lepidium didymum Xf subsp. unknownC
266LEPRU Lepidium ruderale Xf subsp. unknownC
267LIGSI Ligustrum sinense Xf subsp. unknownC
268CC189A Ligustrum virginicum Xf subsp. unknownC
269LIRTU Liriodendron tulipifera Xf subsp. unknownC
270LOLMU Lolium multiflorum Xf subsp. unknownC
271LOLPE Lolium perenne Xf subsp. unknownC
272LUDUR Ludwigia grandiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
273MALPA Malva parviflora Xf subsp. unknownC
274MAQVU Marrubium vulgare Xf subsp. unknownC
275MEDPO Medicago polymorpha Xf subsp. unknownC
276MLQTE Melicope ternata Xf subsp. unknownC
277MLYRA Melicytus ramiflorus Xf subsp. unknownC
278MEUSS Melilotus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
279MLSOF Melissa officinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
280MRRMA Merremia macrocalyx Xf subsp. unknownC
281MRYSI Meryta sinclairii Xf subsp. unknownC
282MTDEX Metrosideros excelsa Xf subsp. unknownC
283MTDSS Metrosideros sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
284CC195A Metrosideros kermadecensis Xf subsp. unknownC
285MNTLI Montiastrum lineare Xf subsp. unknownC
286MYMLA Myoporum laetum Xf subsp. unknownC
287MAJHO Origanum majorana Xf subsp. unknownC
288DKTAC Panicum acuminatum Xf subsp. unknownC
289PTNHY Parthenium hysterophorus Xf subsp. unknownC
290PRTTR Parthenocissus tricuspidata Xf subsp. unknownC
291PASUR Paspalum urvillei Xf subsp. unknownC
292CC200A Paspalum regnellii Xf subsp. unknownC
293PAQFO Passiflora foetida Xf subsp. unknownC
294PESCL Pennisetum clandestinum Xf subsp. unknownC
295POLLA Persicaria lapathifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
296POLPE Persicaria maculosa Xf subsp. unknownC
297PGASA Phagnalon saxatile Xf subsp. unknownC
298PHAAN Phalaris angusta Xf subsp. unknownC
299PHXSS Phoenix sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
300PHMCO Phormium colensoi Xf subsp. unknownC
301PHMTE Phormium tenax Xf subsp. unknownC
302PTUCR Pittosporum crassifolium Xf subsp. unknownC
303PTUEU Pittosporum eugenioides Xf subsp. unknownC
304PTUTE Pittosporum tenuifolium Xf subsp. unknownC
305PTUUM Pittosporum umbellatum Xf subsp. unknownC
306PLALA Plantago lanceolata Xf subsp. unknownC
307PLAMA Plantago major Xf subsp. unknownC
308PLUOD Pluchea odorata Xf subsp. unknownC
309POAAN Poa annua Xf subsp. unknownC
310POLAR Polygonum arenastrum Xf subsp. unknownC
311POROL Portulaca oleracea Xf subsp. unknownC
312PRNAN Prunus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
313PRNLR Prunus laurocerasus Xf subsp. unknownC
314PRNSO Prunus serotina Xf subsp. unknownC
315PRNSL Prunus serrulata Xf subsp. unknownC
316CC214A Prunus simonii x P. salicina x P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownC
317QUEAG Quercus agrifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
318QUEAL Quercus alba Xf subsp. unknownC
319QUEIL Quercus ilex Xf subsp. unknownC
320QUEIM Quercus imbricaria Xf subsp. unknownC
321QUEIN Quercus incana Xf subsp. unknownC
322QUEMC Quercus macrocarpa Xf subsp. unknownC
323QUEPH Quercus phellos Xf subsp. unknownC
324RANRE Ranunculus repens Xf subsp. unknownC
325RAPSR Raphanus sativus Xf subsp. unknownC
326RHUDI Rhus diversiloba Xf subsp. unknownC
327RCHSS Richardia sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
328ROSCA Rosa californica Xf subsp. unknownC
329RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. unknownC
330RUBVI Rubus vitifolius Xf subsp. unknownC
3311RUMG Rumex Xf subsp. unknownC
332RUMCR Rumex crispus Xf subsp. unknownC
333RUMSS Rumex sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
334SAXSS Salix sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
335SASKT Salsola kali subsp. tragus Xf subsp. unknownC
336SALOF Salvia officinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
337SAMGL Sambucus cerulea Xf subsp. unknownC
338SNTMA Santolina magonica Xf subsp. unknownC
339SENGB Senecio grisebachii Xf subsp. unknownC
340SENVU Senecio vulgaris Xf subsp. unknownC
341CC221A Senna secundiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
342SIDRH Sida rhombifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
343SLYMA Silybum marianum Xf subsp. unknownC
344SSYIR Sisymbrium irio Xf subsp. unknownC
345SOLAM Solanum americanum Xf subsp. unknownC
346SONOL Sonchus oleraceus Xf subsp. unknownC
347SONSS Sonchus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
348SOBSE Sophora secundiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
349STAAR Stachys arvensis Xf subsp. unknownC
350STEME Stellaria media Xf subsp. unknownC
351SYZPA Syzygium paniculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
352TALPA Talinum paniculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
353TAROF Taraxacum officinale Xf subsp. unknownC
354TRFIN Trifolium incarnatum Xf subsp. unknownC
355ULEPA Ulex parviflorus Xf subsp. unknownC
356URTLY Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis Xf subsp. unknownC
357URTUR Urtica urens Xf subsp. unknownC
358VEBLI Verbena litoralis Xf subsp. unknownC
359VENSS Vernonia sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
360VERPE Veronica persica Xf subsp. unknownC
361VERSS Veronica sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
362CC226A Vicia ludoviciana Xf subsp. unknownC
363VIXLU Vitex lucens Xf subsp. unknownC
364VITAZ Vitis arizonica Xf subsp. unknownC
365VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. unknownC
366WSTFR Wisteria frutescens Xf subsp. unknownC
367XANSP Xanthium spinosum Xf subsp. unknownC
368CIDLO Citrus x limonia Xf subsp. unknownD
369COFLI Coffea liberica Xf subsp. unknownD
370PRNAM Prunus americana Xf subsp. unknownD
371PRNMS Prunus munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownD
372PRNSI Prunus simonii Xf subsp. unknownD
373SOOCA Solidago canadensis Xf subsp. unknownD
374PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. unknownE
375PRNHO Prunus hortulana Xf subsp. unknownE
376PRNME Prunus mexicana Xf subsp. unknownE
377ULMHO Ulmus x hollandica Xf subsp. unknownE
378VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. unknownE
379VITBQ Vitis bourquiniana Xf subsp. unknownE
380VITCI Vitis cinerea Xf subsp. unknownE
381VITCN Vitis simpsonii Xf subsp. unknownE
382VITCH Vitis x champinii Xf subsp. unknownE
383CC256A Vitis rufotomentosa Xf subsp. unknownE
384CC257A Vitis shuttleworthii Xf subsp. unknownE
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1ACRSS Acer sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
2AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
3CCOSP Calicotome spinosa Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
4CCSOC Cercis occidentalis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
5CSTMO Cistus monspeliensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
6CIDLI Citrus limon Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
7CIDPA Citrus paradisi Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
8CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
9CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
10COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
11COFCA Coffea canephora Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
12COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
13ELGAN Elaeagnus angustifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
14CC270A Erysimum hybridsXf subsp. fastidiosa A
15FIUCA Ficus carica Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
16GENLU Genista lucida Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
17IUGRE Juglans regia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
18LUPAD Lupinus aridorum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
19MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
20MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
21MTDSS Metrosideros sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
22MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
23MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
24NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
25PELGV Pelargonium graveolens Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
26PLUOD Pluchea odorata Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
27POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
28PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
29PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
30PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
31PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
32PSISS Psidium sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
33RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
34RUBDI Rubus rigidus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
35RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
36RUACH Ruta chalepensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
37RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
38SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
39SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
40SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
41STZRE Strelitzia reginae Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
42SRQHY Streptocarpus hybridsXf subsp. fastidiosa A
43TEUCP Teucrium capitatum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
44ULEEU Ulex europaeus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
45ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
46VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
47VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
48VINSS Vinca sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
49VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
50CC227A Vitis aestivalis hybridXf subsp. fastidiosa A
51VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
52VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
53CC238A Vitis cinerea var. helleri x V. vulpina Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
54VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
55VITHD Vitis hybridsXf subsp. fastidiosa A
56VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
57VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
58VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
59BRNPA Broussonetia papyrifera Xf subsp. fastidiosa B
60QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa B
61ULMSS Ulmus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa B
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1ACACL Acacia cultriformis Xf subsp. multiplex A
2ACADA Acacia dealbata Xf subsp. multiplex A
3ACALO Acacia longifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
4ACAME Acacia melanoxylon Xf subsp. multiplex A
5ACASA Acacia saligna Xf subsp. multiplex A
6ACASS Acacia sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
7ACRGS Acer griseum Xf subsp. multiplex A
8ACRPP Acer pseudoplatanus Xf subsp. multiplex A
9ACRRB Acer rubrum Xf subsp. multiplex A
10ADCCL Adenocarpus lainzii Xf subsp. multiplex A
11ALURH Alnus rhombifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
12AMBPS Ambrosia psilostachya Xf subsp. multiplex A
13AMBSS Ambrosia sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
14AMBTR Ambrosia trifida Xf subsp. multiplex A
15AMBTT Ambrosia trifida var. texana Xf subsp. multiplex A
16AMCCO Ampelopsis cordata Xf subsp. multiplex A
17AYLBJ Anthyllis barba‐jovis Xf subsp. multiplex A
18AYLHE Anthyllis hermanniae Xf subsp. multiplex A
19CC135APeriwinkle (common name)Xf subsp. multiplex A
20ARDUN Arbutus unedo Xf subsp. multiplex A
21CHYFR Argyranthemum frutescens Xf subsp. multiplex A
22ARTAB Artemisia absinthium Xf subsp. multiplex A
23ARTAO Artemisia arborescens Xf subsp. multiplex A
24ARTSS Artemisia sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
25ASPAC Asparagus acutifolius Xf subsp. multiplex A
26ATUFF Athyrium filix‐femina Xf subsp. multiplex A
27BACHA Baccharis halimifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
28BEBTH Berberis thunbergii Xf subsp. multiplex A
29CCOSP Calicotome spinosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
30CCOVI Calicotome villosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
31CLXCI Callistemon citrinus Xf subsp. multiplex A
32CUNVU Calluna vulgaris Xf subsp. multiplex A
33KLCBR Calocephalus brownii Xf subsp. multiplex A
34CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. multiplex A
35CYASS Carya sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
36CETOC Celtis occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplex A
37CCSCA Cercis canadensis Xf subsp. multiplex A
38CCSOC Cercis occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplex A
39CCSSI Cercis siliquastrum Xf subsp. multiplex A
40CIOSS Chionanthus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
41CSTAL Cistus albidus Xf subsp. multiplex A
42CSTIC Cistus creticus Xf subsp. multiplex A
43CSTPS Cistus inflatus Xf subsp. multiplex A
44CSTMO Cistus monspeliensis Xf subsp. multiplex A
45CSTSA Cistus salviifolius Xf subsp. multiplex A
46CSTSS Cistus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
47CLVCI Clematis cirrhosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
48CLVVT Clematis vitalba Xf subsp. multiplex A
49CONCN Convolvulus cneorum Xf subsp. multiplex A
50CPMRE Coprosma repens Xf subsp. multiplex A
51CZRVL Coronilla valentina Xf subsp. multiplex A
52CZRVG Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca Xf subsp. multiplex A
53SAOSC Cytisus scoparius Xf subsp. multiplex A
54CZSSS Cytisus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
55CC274A Cytisus spinosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
56CZSVI Cytisus villosus Xf subsp. multiplex A
57OSPEK Dimorphotheca ecklonis Xf subsp. multiplex A
58OSPFR Dimorphotheca fruticosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
59DODVI Dodonaea viscosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
60EHIPL Echium plantagineum Xf subsp. multiplex A
61ELGAN Elaeagnus angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
62ELGEB Elaeagnus x submacrophylla Xf subsp. multiplex A
63ENCFA Encelia farinosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
64EIACN Erica cinerea Xf subsp. multiplex A
65ERICA Erigeron canadensis Xf subsp. multiplex A
66ERIKA Erigeron karvinskianus Xf subsp. multiplex A
67ERQUM Eriocephalus africanus Xf subsp. multiplex A
68EROMO Erodium moschatum Xf subsp. multiplex A
69EYOCH Euryops chrysanthemoides Xf subsp. multiplex A
70EYOPE Euryops pectinatus Xf subsp. multiplex A
71POLCU Fallopia japonica Xf subsp. multiplex A
72FIUCA Ficus carica Xf subsp. multiplex A
73RHAFR Frangula alnus Xf subsp. multiplex A
74FRXAM Fraxinus americana Xf subsp. multiplex A
75FRXAN Fraxinus angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
76FRXSS Fraxinus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
77GAZRI Gazania rigens Xf subsp. multiplex A
78GENCO Genista corsica Xf subsp. multiplex A
79GENEP Genista ephedroides Xf subsp. multiplex A
80GENSC Genista scorpius Xf subsp. multiplex A
81GENSS Genista sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
82QEMTR Genista tridentata Xf subsp. multiplex A
83CC279A Genista valdes‐bermejoi Xf subsp. multiplex A
84GENSA Genista x spachiana Xf subsp. multiplex A
85GIKBI Ginkgo biloba Xf subsp. multiplex A
86GLITR Gleditsia triacanthos Xf subsp. multiplex A
87GREJU Grevillea juniperina Xf subsp. multiplex A
88HBEEL Hebe elliptica Xf subsp. multiplex A
89HBESS Hebe sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
90HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. multiplex A
91HELSS Helianthus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
92HECIT Helichrysum italicum Xf subsp. multiplex A
93HECSS Helichrysum sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
94HECST Helichrysum stoechas Xf subsp. multiplex A
95HIBSY Hibiscus syriacus Xf subsp. multiplex A
96HYPAN Hypericum androsaemum Xf subsp. multiplex A
97HYPPE Hypericum perforatum Xf subsp. multiplex A
98ILEAQ Ilex aquifolium Xf subsp. multiplex A
99INUVI Dittrichia viscosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
100IVAAN Iva annua Xf subsp. multiplex A
101SENBI Jacobaea maritima Xf subsp. multiplex A
102KOTBI Koelreuteria bipinnata Xf subsp. multiplex A
103LAEIN Lagerstroemia indica Xf subsp. multiplex A
104LAESS Lagerstroemia sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
105LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. multiplex A
106LAVAN Lavandula angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
107LAVDE Lavandula dentata Xf subsp. multiplex A
108LAVLA Lavandula latifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
109LAVSS Lavandula sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
110LAVST Lavandula stoechas Xf subsp. multiplex A
111LAVHE Lavandula x heterophylla Xf subsp. multiplex A
112LAVIN Lavandula x intermedia Xf subsp. multiplex A
113LVACR Lavatera cretica Xf subsp. multiplex A
114LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. multiplex A
115LONIM Lonicera implexa Xf subsp. multiplex A
116LONJA Lonicera japonica Xf subsp. multiplex A
117LUPAD Lupinus aridorum Xf subsp. multiplex A
118LUPVI Lupinus villosus Xf subsp. multiplex A
119MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. multiplex A
120MAGSO Magnolia x soulangeana Xf subsp. multiplex A
121MEDAR Medicago arborea Xf subsp. multiplex A
122MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. multiplex A
123MTDEX Metrosideros excelsa Xf subsp. multiplex A
124MTDSS Metrosideros sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
125MYMLA Myoporum laetum Xf subsp. multiplex A
126MYMSS Myoporum sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
127MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. multiplex A
128NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. multiplex A
129OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. multiplex A
130OLVES Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris Xf subsp. multiplex A
131OLVSS Olea sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
132PELGV Pelargonium graveolens Xf subsp. multiplex A
133PELSS Pelargonium sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
134PEKAB Perovskia abrotanoides Xf subsp. multiplex A
135PGASA Phagnalon saxatile Xf subsp. multiplex A
136PLRAN Phillyrea angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
137PLMFR Phlomis fruticosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
138PLMIT Phlomis italica Xf subsp. multiplex A
139PIAVE Pistacia vera Xf subsp. multiplex A
140PLALA Plantago lanceolata Xf subsp. multiplex A
141PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplex A
142PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
143POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
144CC207A Polygala x grandiflora nana Xf subsp. multiplex A
145PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. multiplex A
146PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. multiplex A
147PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. multiplex A
148PRNCE Prunus cerasus Xf subsp. multiplex A
149PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. multiplex A
150PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. multiplex A
151PRNLR Prunus laurocerasus Xf subsp. multiplex A
152PRNME Prunus mexicana Xf subsp. multiplex A
153PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. multiplex A
154PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. multiplex A
155PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
156PTEAQ Pteridium aquilinum Xf subsp. multiplex A
157QUECO Quercus coccinea Xf subsp. multiplex A
158QUEFC Quercus falcata Xf subsp. multiplex A
159QUEIL Quercus ilex Xf subsp. multiplex A
160QUELA Quercus laevis Xf subsp. multiplex A
161QUEMC Quercus macrocarpa Xf subsp. multiplex A
162QUENI Quercus nigra Xf subsp. multiplex A
163QUEPA Quercus palustris Xf subsp. multiplex A
164QUEPH Quercus phellos Xf subsp. multiplex A
165QUEPU Quercus pubescens Xf subsp. multiplex A
166QUERO Quercus robur Xf subsp. multiplex A
167QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. multiplex A
168QUESH Quercus shumardii Xf subsp. multiplex A
169QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
170QUESU Quercus suber Xf subsp. multiplex A
171RATCO Ratibida columnifera Xf subsp. multiplex A
172LGOMO Retama monosperma Xf subsp. multiplex A
173RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. multiplex A
174RHASS Rhamnus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
175ROBPS Robinia pseudoacacia Xf subsp. multiplex A
176ROSCN Rosa canina Xf subsp. multiplex A
177ROSSS Rosa sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
178RUBSS Rubus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
179RUBUL Rubus ulmifolius Xf subsp. multiplex A
180RUAGR Ruta graveolens Xf subsp. multiplex A
181SALMF Salvia mellifera Xf subsp. multiplex A
182SALOF Salvia officinalis Xf subsp. multiplex A
183RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. multiplex A
184SALSS Salvia sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
185SAMNI Sambucus nigra Xf subsp. multiplex A
186SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
187SNTCH Santolina chamaecyparissus Xf subsp. multiplex A
188SNTMA Santolina magonica Xf subsp. multiplex A
189SNTSS Santolina sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
190SAKSA Sapindus saponaria Xf subsp. multiplex A
191SXLAM Scabiosa atropurpurea var. maritima Xf subsp. multiplex A
192SOOVI Solidago virgaurea Xf subsp. multiplex A
193SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. multiplex A
194SPUSS Spartium sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
195STZRE Strelitzia reginae Xf subsp. multiplex A
196SYRVU Syringa vulgaris Xf subsp. multiplex A
197ULEEU Ulex europaeus Xf subsp. multiplex A
198ULEMI Ulex minor Xf subsp. multiplex A
199ULEPA Ulex parviflorus Xf subsp. multiplex A
200ULESS Ulex sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
201ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. multiplex A
202ULMCR Ulmus crassifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
203ULMSS Ulmus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
204VACAH Vaccinium ashei Xf subsp. multiplex A
205VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. multiplex A
206VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
207VIBTI Viburnum tinus Xf subsp. multiplex A
208VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. multiplex A
209VINSS Vinca sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
210VIXAC Vitex agnus‐castus Xf subsp. multiplex A
211WESRO Westringia fruticosa Xf subsp. multiplex A
212XANST Xanthium strumarium Xf subsp. multiplex A
213ACRPL Acer platanoides Xf subsp. multiplex C
214CCOSS Calicotome sp.Xf subsp. multiplex C
215CSTIS Cistus x incanus Xf subsp. multiplex C
216LIRTU Liriodendron tulipifera Xf subsp. multiplex C
217POGSS Polygala sp.Xf subsp. multiplex C
218CC206A Polygala x dalmaisiana Xf subsp. multiplex C
219VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. multiplex C
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1ACASA Acacia saligna Xf subsp. pauca A
2ACASS Acacia sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
3AMARE Amaranthus retroflexus Xf subsp. pauca A
4CC135APeriwinkle (common name)Xf subsp. pauca A
5ASPAC Asparagus acutifolius Xf subsp. pauca A
6CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. pauca A
7CHEAL Chenopodium album Xf subsp. pauca A
8CSTAL Cistus albidus Xf subsp. pauca A
9CSTIC Cistus creticus Xf subsp. pauca A
10CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. pauca A
11CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
12COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. pauca A
13COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
14OSPFR Dimorphotheca fruticosa Xf subsp. pauca A
15DODVI Dodonaea viscosa Xf subsp. pauca A
16ELGAN Elaeagnus angustifolia Xf subsp. pauca A
17EMHMA Eremophila maculata Xf subsp. pauca A
18ERIBO Erigeron bonariensis Xf subsp. pauca A
19ERISS Erigeron sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
20ERISU Erigeron sumatrensis Xf subsp. pauca A
21EPHCH Euphorbia chamaesyce Xf subsp. pauca A
22EPHTE Euphorbia terracina Xf subsp. pauca A
23GENHS Genista hirsuta Xf subsp. pauca A
24GREJU Grevillea juniperina Xf subsp. pauca A
25HBESS Hebe sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
26HEOEU Heliotropium europaeum Xf subsp. pauca A
27HIBRS Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis Xf subsp. pauca A
28HIBSS Hibiscus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
29LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. pauca A
30LAVAN Lavandula angustifolia Xf subsp. pauca A
31LAVDE Lavandula dentata Xf subsp. pauca A
32LAVSS Lavandula sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
33LAVST Lavandula stoechas Xf subsp. pauca A
34MYMIN Myoporum insulare Xf subsp. pauca A
35MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. pauca A
36NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. pauca A
37OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. pauca A
38OLVES Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris Xf subsp. pauca A
39PELFR Pelargonium fragrans Xf subsp. pauca A
40PELSS Pelargonium sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
41PLRLA Phillyrea latifolia Xf subsp. pauca A
42PIAVE Pistacia vera Xf subsp. pauca A
43POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. pauca A
45PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. pauca A
46PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. pauca A
47PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. pauca A
49PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
51RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. pauca A
53RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. pauca A
54SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. pauca A
55THYVU Thymus vulgaris Xf subsp. pauca A
56ULEPA Ulex parviflorus Xf subsp. pauca A
57VINMI Vinca minor Xf subsp. pauca A
58WESRO Westringia fruticosa Xf subsp. pauca A
59WESGL Westringia glabra Xf subsp. pauca A
44POGSS Polygala sp.Xf subsp. pauca C
48PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. pauca C
50QUEIL Quercus ilex Xf subsp. pauca C
52SALOF Salvia officinalis Xf subsp. pauca C
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. morus A
2MORRU Morus rubra Xf subsp. morus A
3MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. morus A
4NANDO Nandina domestica Xf subsp. morus A
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. sandyi A
2COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. sandyi A
3HEGSS Hemerocallis sp.Xf subsp. sandyi A
4IACMI Jacaranda mimosifolia Xf subsp. sandyi A
5MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. sandyi A
6NANDO Nandina domestica Xf subsp. sandyi A
7NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. sandyi A
8POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. sandyi C
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1CXKTA Chitalpa tashkentensis Xf subsp. tashke A
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. fastidiosa/sandyi A
2COFCA Coffea canephora Xf subsp. fastidiosa/sandyi A
N Plant EPPO code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1PYUPY Pyrus pyrifolia Xylella taiwanensis A

Appendix B – Host plant species artificially infected

List of host plant species, artificially infected, of X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported in the publication), subsp. fastidiosa, subsp. morus, subsp. multiplex, subsp. pauca, subsp. sandyi and subsp. tashke according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as reported in Section 2.4.2):

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified), symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation.

NPlant EPPO CodePlant SpeciesPestCategory ACategory BCategory CCategory DCategory E
1ACRMA Acer macrophyllum Xf subsp. unknownA
2ACRNE Acer negundo Xf subsp. unknownA
3AECCA Aesculus californica Xf subsp. unknownA
4ALURH Alnus rhombifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
5AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
6AMBSS Ambrosia sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
7CC135APeriwinkle (common name)Xf subsp. unknownA
8ARBTH Arabidopsis thaliana Xf subsp. unknownA
9ARTDO Artemisia douglasiana Xf subsp. unknownA
10BACPI Baccharis pilularis Xf subsp. unknownA
11BACSF Baccharis salicifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
12BRSNI Brassica nigra Xf subsp. unknownA
13CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
14CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. unknownA
15CIDAF Citrus aurantiifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
16CIDCL Citrus clementina Xf subsp. unknownA
17CC153A Citrus clementina x C. sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
18CIDJA Citrus jambhiri Xf subsp. unknownA
19CIDRH Citrus reshni Xf subsp. unknownA
20CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. unknownA
21CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
22CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
23CIDRA Citrus sunki Xf subsp. unknownA
24CIDUN Citrus unshiu Xf subsp. unknownA
25CIDLO Citrus x limonia Xf subsp. unknownA
26CIDNO Citrus x nobilis Xf subsp. unknownA
27COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. unknownA
28COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
29COIMA Conium maculatum Xf subsp. unknownA
30CPMRE Coprosma repens Xf subsp. unknownA
31CORSA Coriandrum sativum Xf subsp. unknownA
32CYPER Cyperus eragrostis Xf subsp. unknownA
33ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. unknownA
34FAGES Fagopyrum esculentum Xf subsp. unknownA
35FRXLA Fraxinus latifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
36CC181A Hakea petiolaris Xf subsp. unknownA
37HEEHE Hedera helix Xf subsp. unknownA
38LOUMA Lobularia maritima Xf subsp. unknownA
39MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
40MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. unknownA
41MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
42NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. unknownA
43NIOBE Nicotiana benthamiana Xf subsp. unknownA
44NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. unknownA
45PRTQU Parthenocissus quinquefolia Xf subsp. unknownA
46PEBAM Persea americana Xf subsp. unknownA
47PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. unknownA
48POPFR Populus fremontii Xf subsp. unknownA
49PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. unknownA
50PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. unknownA
51PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. unknownA
52PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. unknownA
53PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
54PYUPY Pyrus pyrifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
55QUEAG Quercus agrifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
56QUELO Quercus lobata Xf subsp. unknownA
57QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. unknownA
58RHUDI Rhus diversiloba Xf subsp. unknownA
59ROSCA Rosa californica Xf subsp. unknownA
60RUBHP Rubus hedycarpus subsp. procerus Xf subsp. unknownA
61RUBDI Rubus rigidus Xf subsp. unknownA
62RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. unknownA
63SAXLG Salix laevigata Xf subsp. unknownA
64SAXLL Salix lasiolepis Xf subsp. unknownA
65SALAP Salvia apiana Xf subsp. unknownA
66SALMF Salvia mellifera Xf subsp. unknownA
67SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. unknownA
68SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
69SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. unknownA
70SWAGA Swainsona galegifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
71SYPAL Symphoricarpos albus Xf subsp. unknownA
72TLNMO Teline monspessulana Xf subsp. unknownA
73ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. unknownA
74UMBCA Umbellularia californica Xf subsp. unknownA
75URTDI Urtica dioica Xf subsp. unknownA
76VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. unknownA
77VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
78VICSA Vicia sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
79VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. unknownA
80VINMI Vinca minor Xf subsp. unknownA
81CC229A Vitis arizonica x V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
82CC233A Vitis arizonica/candicans x V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
83VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. unknownA
84CC241A Vitis labrusca x V. vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
85VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
86CC244A Vitis rotundifolia x V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
87VITRU Vitis rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
88VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
89VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
90MORRU Morus rubra Xf subsp. unknownB
91PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. unknownB
92CC232A Vitis arizonica/candicans Xf subsp. unknownB
93CC249A Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana Xf subsp. unknownB
94CC256A Vitis rufotomentosa Xf subsp. unknownB
95FRSAC Ambrosia acanthicarpa Xf subsp. unknownC
96AMBTT Ambrosia trifida var. texana Xf subsp. unknownC
97AMSDO Amsinckia douglasiana Xf subsp. unknownC
98BRORI Anisantha rigida Xf subsp. unknownC
99AVEFA Avena fatua Xf subsp. unknownC
100BRAPL Brachiaria plantaginea Xf subsp. unknownC
101BROSS Bromus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
102CSPCH Callistephus chinensis Xf subsp. unknownC
103CNNSS Canna sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
104BROCA Ceratochloa cathartica Xf subsp. unknownC
105CC154A Citrus deliciosa x C. sinensis Xf subsp. unknownC
106CIDME Citrus medica Xf subsp. unknownC
107CIDTG Citrus tangerina Xf subsp. unknownC
108CIDRP Citrus x tangelo Xf subsp. unknownC
109GODGR Clarkia amoena subsp. lindleyi Xf subsp. unknownC
110CPMBA Coprosma baueri Xf subsp. unknownC
111CTTRT Cotoneaster rotundifolius Xf subsp. unknownC
112CYNDA Cynodon dactylon Xf subsp. unknownC
113CYPES Cyperus esculentus Xf subsp. unknownC
114SAOSC Cytisus scoparius Xf subsp. unknownC
115DAUCS Daucus carota subsp. sativus Xf subsp. unknownC
116DIGSA Digitaria sanguinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
117CHEAM Dysphania ambrosioides Xf subsp. unknownC
118EPIPC Epilobium brachycarpum Xf subsp. unknownC
119EPICT Epilobium ciliatum Xf subsp. unknownC
120ERADF Eragrostis diffusa Xf subsp. unknownC
121EROCI Erodium cicutarium Xf subsp. unknownC
122POLCO Fallopia convolvulus Xf subsp. unknownC
123GREAL Grevillea alpina Xf subsp. unknownC
124HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. unknownC
125HORMU Hordeum murinum Xf subsp. unknownC
126HORVX Hordeum vulgare Xf subsp. unknownC
127IVAAN Iva annua Xf subsp. unknownC
128LACSE Lactuca serriola Xf subsp. unknownC
129LTHCI Lathyrus cicera Xf subsp. unknownC
130LTHCL Lathyrus clymenum Xf subsp. unknownC
131LTHSA Lathyrus sativus Xf subsp. unknownC
132LEKLA Leptospermum laevigatum Xf subsp. unknownC
133LOLMU Lolium multiflorum Xf subsp. unknownC
134LOLTE Lolium temulentum Xf subsp. unknownC
135LONJA Lonicera japonica Xf subsp. unknownC
136MEUAL Melilotus albus Xf subsp. unknownC
137MEUAA Melilotus albus var. annuus Xf subsp. unknownC
138MEUIN Melilotus indicus Xf subsp. unknownC
139MEUOF Melilotus officinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
140MENSS Mentha sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
141OENSA Oenanthe sarmentosa Xf subsp. unknownC
142OEOEL Oenothera elata Xf subsp. unknownC
143OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. unknownC
144PRTTR Parthenocissus tricuspidata Xf subsp. unknownC
145PASDI Paspalum dilatatum Xf subsp. unknownC
146PELZO Pelargonium x hortorum Xf subsp. unknownC
147PESCL Pennisetum clandestinum Xf subsp. unknownC
148PESGL Pennisetum glaucum Xf subsp. unknownC
149POLPE Persicaria maculosa Xf subsp. unknownC
150PHAMI Phalaris minor Xf subsp. unknownC
151PHAPA Phalaris paradoxa Xf subsp. unknownC
152PHLPR Phleum pratense Xf subsp. unknownC
153PHNAR Photinia arbutifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
154PTUCR Pittosporum crassifolium Xf subsp. unknownC
155PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
156POAAN Poa annua Xf subsp. unknownC
157PMITR Poncirus trifoliata Xf subsp. unknownC
158RESOD Reseda odorata Xf subsp. unknownC
159RHERP Rheum rhaponticum Xf subsp. unknownC
160RUBVI Rubus vitifolius Xf subsp. unknownC
161RUMCR Rumex crispus Xf subsp. unknownC
162SAMGL Sambucus cerulea Xf subsp. unknownC
163SONAS Sonchus asper Xf subsp. unknownC
164SORHA Sorghum halepense Xf subsp. unknownC
165SORSU Sorghum x drummondii Xf subsp. unknownC
166SYRVU Syringa vulgaris Xf subsp. unknownC
167SYZPA Syzygium paniculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
168TRFFR Trifolium fragiferum Xf subsp. unknownC
169TRFHY Trifolium hybridumXf subsp. unknownC
170TRFIN Trifolium incarnatum Xf subsp. unknownC
171TRFPR Trifolium pratense Xf subsp. unknownC
172TRFRE Trifolium repens Xf subsp. unknownC
173CC260A Trifolium repens var. latum Xf subsp. unknownC
174URTLY Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis Xf subsp. unknownC
175VICMO Vicia monantha Xf subsp. unknownC
176VITAC Vitis acerifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
177VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. unknownC
178VITAZ Vitis arizonica Xf subsp. unknownC
179CC271A Vitis arizonica hybridXf subsp. unknownC
180CC234A Vitis arizonica/girdiana Xf subsp. unknownC
181CC235A Vitis arizonica/girdiana x V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownC
182VITBE Vitis berlandieri Xf subsp. unknownC
183VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. unknownC
184VITCI Vitis cinerea Xf subsp. unknownC
185CC239A Vitis cinerea x V. berlandieri Xf subsp. unknownC
186VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. unknownC
187VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. unknownC
188VITLI Vitis lincecumii Xf subsp. unknownC
189VITMO Vitis monticola Xf subsp. unknownC
190VITMU Vitis munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownC
191VITPA Vitis palmata Xf subsp. unknownC
192VITRI Vitis riparia Xf subsp. unknownC
193VITCN Vitis simpsonii Xf subsp. unknownC
194VITTI Vitis tiliaefolia Xf subsp. unknownC
195VITVU Vitis vulpina Xf subsp. unknownC
196VITCH Vitis x champinii Xf subsp. unknownC
197CC252A Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana x V. simpsonii Xf subsp. unknownC
198VITBL Vitis bloodwothiana Xf subsp. unknownC
199VITNE Vitis nesbittiana Xf subsp. unknownC
200CC257A Vitis shuttleworthii Xf subsp. unknownC
201VLPMY Vulpia myuros Xf subsp. unknownC
202XANOR Xanthium orientale Xf subsp. unknownC
203CC138A (Prunus salicina x P. angustifolia) x (P. salicina x P. munsoniana) Xf subsp. unknownD
204PRNAN Prunus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownD
205PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. unknownD
206CC210A Prunus cerasifera x P. salicina Xf subsp. unknownD
207CC213A Prunus salicina x (P. salicina x P. cerasifera) Xf subsp. unknownD
208CC231A Vitis arizonica x V. vinifera Xf subsp. unknownD
209CHEQU Chenopodium quinoa Xf subsp. unknownE
210CJCWE Citroncirus webberi Xf subsp. unknownE
211CIDMA Citrus macrophylla Xf subsp. unknownE
212NIOCL Nicotiana clevelandii Xf subsp. unknownE
213PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. unknownE
214PRNHO Prunus hortulana Xf subsp. unknownE
215PRNME Prunus mexicana Xf subsp. unknownE
216PRNMM Prunus mume Xf subsp. unknownE
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1AMABL Amaranthus blitoides Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
2FRSAC Ambrosia acanthicarpa Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
3AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
4CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
5CHEQU Chenopodium quinoa Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
6COIMA Conium maculatum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
7CONAR Convolvulus arvensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
8CYPES Cyperus esculentus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
9DATWR Datura wrightii Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
10ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
11ERICA Erigeron canadensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
12ERBGR Eriochloa gracilis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
13EROMO Erodium moschatum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
14EUCCM Eucalyptus camaldulensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
15EUCGL Eucalyptus globulus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
16HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
17PHBPU Ipomoea purpurea Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
18LACSE Lactuca serriola Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
19MALPA Malva parviflora Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
20MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
21NIOGL Nicotiana glauca Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
22NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
23POROL Portulaca oleracea Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
24PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
25PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
26RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
27RUMCR Rumex crispus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
28SMMCH Simmondsia chinensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
29LYPES Solanum lycopersicum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
30SOLME Solanum melongena Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
31SONOL Sonchus oleraceus Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
32SORHA Sorghum halepense Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
33VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
34VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
35VICFX Vicia faba Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
36VICSA Vicia sativa Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
37VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
38VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
39CC247A Vitis vinifera hybridXf subsp. fastidiosa A
40XANST Xanthium strumarium Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
41ARBTH Arabidopsis thaliana Xf subsp. fastidiosa B
42CHYHO Dendranthema x grandiflorum Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
43LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
44MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
45OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
46POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
47PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
48PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
49CC211A Prunus dulcis x P. webbii Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
50PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
51CC212A Prunus persica x P. webbii Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
52PRNWE Prunus webbii Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
53PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
54QUEPE Quercus petraea Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
55RUBDI Rubus rigidus Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
56SAXAL Salix alba Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
57SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
58VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
59VITAC Vitis acerifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
60VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
61VITAZ Vitis arizonica Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
62CC232A Vitis arizonica/candicans Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
63VITBE Vitis berlandieri Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
64VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
65VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
66CC237A Vitis champinii x (V. solonis x V. othello) Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
67VITCI Vitis cinerea Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
68VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
69VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
70VITMO Vitis monticola Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
71VITRI Vitis riparia Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
72VITRU Vitis rupestris Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
73VITTI Vitis tiliaefolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
74VITTL Vitis treleasei Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
75VITVU Vitis vulpina Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
76CC277A Vitis × doaniana Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
77VITNE Vitis nesbittiana Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
78CC257A Vitis shuttleworthii Xf subsp. fastidiosa C
79LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. fastidiosa E
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1ACRRB Acer rubrum Xf subsp. multiplex A
2AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. multiplex A
3CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. multiplex A
4LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. multiplex A
5MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. multiplex A
6NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. multiplex A
7OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. multiplex A
8PIAVE Pistacia vera Xf subsp. multiplex A
9PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplexA
10POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
11PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. multiplex A
12PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. multiplex A
13PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. multiplex A
14PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
15QUEFC Quercus falcata Xf subsp. multiplex A
16RUBFR Rubus fruticosus Xf subsp. multiplex A
17RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. multiplex A
18VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. multiplex A
19VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. multiplex A
20BIDPI Bidens pilosa Xf subsp. multiplex C
21CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. multiplex C
22LEPRU Lepidium ruderale Xf subsp. multiplex C
23MABSD Malus domestica Xf subsp. multiplex C
24NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. multiplex C
25PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. multiplex C
26PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. multiplex C
27PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. multiplex C
28CC212A Prunus persica x P. webbii Xf subsp. multiplex C
29PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. multiplex C
30PRNWE Prunus webbii Xf subsp. multiplex C
31PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. multiplex C
32QUEPE Quercus petraea Xf subsp. multiplex C
33RAPSR Raphanus sativus Xf subsp. multiplex C
34SAXAL Salix alba Xf subsp. multiplex C
35SOLAM Solanum americanum Xf subsp. multiplex C
36VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. multiplex E
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1BIDPI Bidens pilosa Xf subsp. pauca A
2BRADC Brachiaria decumbens Xf subsp. pauca A
3BRAPL Brachiaria plantaginea Xf subsp. pauca A
4CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. pauca A
5CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. pauca A
6CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. pauca A
7CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
8CIDNO Citrus x nobilis Xf subsp. pauca A
9COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. pauca A
10COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
11ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. pauca A
12IASAZ Jasminum azoricum Xf subsp. pauca A
13MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. pauca A
14NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. pauca A
15NIOCL Nicotiana clevelandii Xf subsp. pauca A
16NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. pauca A
17OCIBA Ocimum basilicum Xf subsp. pauca A
18OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. pauca A
19POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. pauca A
20SOLAM Solanum americanum Xf subsp. pauca A
21ARBTH Arabidopsis thaliana Xf subsp. pauca B
22CC135APeriwinkle (common name)Xf subsp. pauca C
23CHEAL Chenopodium album Xf subsp. pauca C
24DIGHO Digitaria horizontalis Xf subsp. pauca C
25MABSD Malus domestica Xf subsp. pauca C
26PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. pauca C
27PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. pauca C
28PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. pauca C
29PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. pauca C
30QUEPE Quercus petraea Xf subsp. pauca C
31SAXAL Salix alba Xf subsp. pauca C
32RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. pauca C
33VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. pauca C
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. morus A
2NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. morus A
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. sandyi A
2MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. sandyi A
3NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. sandyi A
4PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. sandyi A
5VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. sandyi A
6COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. sandyi C
7MABSD Malus domestica Xf subsp. sandyi C
8NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. sandyi C
9OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. sandyi C
10PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. sandyi C
11VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. sandyi C
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1NIOBE Nicotiana benthamiana Xf subsp. tashke C

Appendix C – Host plant species infected in unspecified conditions

List of host plant species, infected in conditions not specified (i.e. the kind of infection (natural or artificial) was not specified in the reference), of X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported in the publication), subsp. fastidiosa, subsp. multiplex, subsp. pauca and subsp. sandyi according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as reported in Section 2.4.2):

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation).

NPlant EPPO CodePlant SpeciesPestCategory ACategory BCategory CCategory DCategory E
1AMCAR Ampelopsis arborea Xf subsp. unknownA
2CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. unknownA
3CTUSS Catharanthus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
4CIDJA Citrus jambhiri Xf subsp. unknownA
5CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
6COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. unknownA
7HIBSH Hibiscus schizopetalus Xf subsp. unknownA
8MORNI Morus nigra Xf subsp. unknownA
9NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. unknownA
10PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. unknownA
11PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
12SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. unknownA
13VITMU Vitis munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownA
14VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
15VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
16VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
17AMBSS Ambrosia sp.Xf subsp. unknownB
18CC135APeriwinkle (common name)Xf subsp. unknownB
19ACRSS Acer sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
20CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. unknownC
21CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
22PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. unknownC
23PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. unknownC
24PYUSS Pyrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
25TLNMO Teline monspessulana Xf subsp. unknownC
26VACDA Vaccinium darrowii Xf subsp. unknownC
27VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
28PRNAN Prunus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownD
29VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. unknownD
30MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. unknownE
31NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. unknownE
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
2LUPSS Lupinus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
3PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
4SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
5VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
6VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
7VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. fastidiosa A
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1AMBTR Ambrosia trifida Xf subsp. multiplex A
2MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
3PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
4PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. multiplex A
5PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. multiplex A
6PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. multiplex A
7PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. multiplex A
8QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
9RUBFR Rubus fruticosus Xf subsp. multiplex A
10RUBSS Rubus sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
11VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. multiplex A
12CC225A Vaccinium corymbosum x V. angustifolium hybridXf subsp. multiplex A
13VINSS Vinca sp.Xf subsp. multiplex A
14LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. multiplex C
15QUELA Quercus laevis Xf subsp. multiplex C
16QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. multiplex C
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. pauca A
2CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
3COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
4HIBFR Hibiscus fragilis Xf subsp. pauca A
5HIBSS Hibiscus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
6NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. pauca A
7PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. pauca A
8PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. pauca A
N Plant EPPO Code Plant Species Pest Category A Category B Category C Category D Category E
1COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. sandyi A
2NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. sandyi C

Appendix D – Xylella fastidiosa multilocus sequence types

Number of records for each plant species natural, artificial and infected in not specified conditions by different multilocus sequence types (STs). The records for natural infection are divided per country. In general, the subspecies and the STs are reported as in the publication. If the subspecies and/or the STs are inferred from another publication or obtained from personal communication of the author of the publication, a note is added in the genotyping comment column of the Excel file available in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1339343). Abbreviations: AR (Argentina), BR (Brazil), CR (Costa Rica), EC (Ecuador), FR (France), HN (Honduras), IT (Italy), MX (Mexico), PT (Portugal), ES (Spain), US (United States of America).

X. fastidiosa subspecies/sequence typeNaturalArtificial infectionInfection not specifiedGrand Total
ARBRCRECFRHNITMXPTESUSUnknownTotalTotalTotal
fastidiosa 22 20 5 79 134 260 179 9 448
ST1 18 79 104 201 173 2 376
Acer sp.111
Amaranthus blitoides 11
Ambrosia acanthicarpa 22
Calicotome spinosa 444
Catharanthus roseus 22
Cercis occidentalis 111
Chenopodium quinoa 22
Cistus monspeliensis 222
Citrus sinensis 111
Conium maculatum 22
Convolvulus arvensis 11
Cyperus esculentus 11
Datura wrightii 11
Echinochloa crus‐galli 11
Erigeron canadensis 11
Eriochloa gracilis 11
Erodium moschatum 22
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 22
Eucalyptus globulus 11
Ficus carica 111
Genista lucida 333
Helianthus annuus 33
Ipomoea purpurea 22
Juglans regia 444
Lactuca serriola 33
Malva parviflora 22
Medicago sativa 331114
Metrosideros sp.111
Nicotiana glauca 22
Nicotiana tabacum 11
Olea europaea 11
Pluchea odorata 111
Polygala myrtifolia 3314
Portulaca oleracea 11
Prunus avium 1121313
Prunus domestica 11
Prunus dulcis 19234239182
Rhamnus alaternus 666
Rubus ursinus 22
Rumex crispus 11
Ruta chalepensis 333
Sambucus canadensis 222
Sambucus sp.111
Simmondsia chinensis 22
Solanum lycopersicum 11
Solanum melongena 11
Sonchus oleraceus 11
Sorghum halepense 11
Spartium junceum 111
Teucrium capitatum 333
Vaccinium corymbosum 2224
Vaccinium sp.55
Vicia faba 11
Vicia sativa 11
Vitis aestivalis 222
Vitis girdiana 111
Vitis sp.23133134
Vitis vinifera 1620316756123
Vitis vinifera hybrid99
Xanthium strumarium 33
ST2 5 24 29 5 7 41
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 2213
Citrus limon 111
Citrus paradisi 111
Coffea sp.111
Elaeagnus angustifolia 111
Myrtus communis 111
Polygala myrtifolia 11
Prunus domestica 11
Quercus petraea 11
Salix alba 11
Ulex europaeus 111
Vitis hybrids222
Vitis rotundifolia 6617
Vitis sp.555
Vitis vinifera 881514
ST3 1 1 1
Lupinus aridorum 111
ST4 5 5 1 6
Medicago sativa 11
Vitis sp.444
Vitis vinifera 111
ST17 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST18 1 1 1
Vitis sp.111
ST19 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST20 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST21 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST33 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST47 2 2 2
Coffea arabica 111
Vitis sp.111
ST52 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST54 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST55 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST56 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST57 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST59 1 1 1
Vitis vinifera 111
ST60 1 1 1
Vitis vinifera 111
ST61 3 3 3
Citrus sinensis 111
Coffea arabica 222
ST72 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST75 2 2 2
Coffea canephora 222
ST76 2 2 2
Coffea arabica 222
ST77 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
fastidiosa/sandyi 3 1 4 4
ST72 2 2 2
Coffea arabica 222
ST75 1 1 1
Coffea canephora 111
ST76 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
morus 25 25 25
ST29 10 10 10
Morus alba 444
Morus rubra 444
Morus sp.222
ST30 5 5 5
Morus alba 444
Nandina domestica 111
ST31 6 6 6
Morus sp.666
ST62 4 4 4
Morus alba 444
multiplex 5 111 91 101 235 217 760 125 16 901
ST6 16 128 16 160 53 1 214
Acacia saligna 444
Asparagus acutifolius 111
Calicotome spinosa 555
Catharanthus roseus 11
Cistus albidus 444
Cistus monspeliensis 222
Cistus salviifolius 222
Genista scorpius 111
Helichrysum italicum 101010
Helichrysum stoechas 444
Laurus nobilis 1344
Lavandula angustifolia 222
Lavandula dentata 333
Lavandula latifolia 222
Lavandula x intermedia111
Medicago sativa 44
Nicotiana tabacum 11
Olea europaea 2353136
Phagnalon saxatile 444
Polygala myrtifolia 26819
Prunus armeniaca 555
Prunus cerasifera 11
Prunus domestica 555
Prunus dulcis 4813619171
Quercus petraea 11
Rhamnus alaternus 666
Rubus ursinus 11
Salix alba 11
Salvia rosmarinus 666
Santolina chamaecyparissus 111
Spartium junceum 111111
Spartium sp.111
Ulex parviflorus 222
Vitis vinifera 22
ST6 and ST7 1 1 1
Cistus monspeliensis 111
ST6 and/or ST7 76 76 76
Acacia dealbata 111
Acer pseudoplatanus 222
Anthyllis hermanniae 111
Artemisia arborescens 222
Asparagus acutifolius 222
Calicotome villosa 111
Cercis siliquastrum 111
Cistus creticus 111
Cistus monspeliensis 222
Cistus salviifolius 222
Coronilla valentina 222
Cytisus scoparius 111
Cytisus sp.222
Cytisus villosus 111
Euryops chrysanthemoides 111
Genista corsica 111
Genista ephedroides 222
Genista x spachiana 222
Hebe sp.222
Helichrysum italicum 333
Lavandula angustifolia 222
Lavandula dentata 222
Lavandula sp.333
Lavandula stoechas 222
Lavandula x heterophylla 222
Lavandula x intermedia 333
Medicago sativa 111
Metrosideros excelsa 222
Myrtus communis 222
Pelargonium graveolens 222
Pelargonium sp.222
Phagnalon saxatile 111
Polygala myrtifolia 777
Polygala sp.111
Prunus cerasifera 222
Prunus dulcis 111
Quercus suber 222
Rosa canina 111
Salvia rosmarinus 222
Spartium junceum 333
Westringia fruticosa 111
ST7 8 101 8 25 142 23 165
Acacia longifolia 222
Acacia melanoxylon 111
Adenocarpus lainzii 222
Artemisia arborescens 222
Artemisia sp.222
Asparagus acutifolius 111
Athyrium filix‐femina 111
Berberis thunbergii 111
Calluna vulgaris 111
Catharanthus roseus 11
Cistus inflatus 222
Cistus salviifolius 111
Coprosma repens 333
Cytisus scoparius 333
Dimorphotheca ecklonis 111
Dodonaea viscosa 222
Echium plantagineum 111
Elaeagnus x submacrophylla 111
Erica cinerea 111
Erigeron canadensis 111
Erodium moschatum 111
Euryops chrysanthemoides 111
Frangula alnus 111
Gazania rigens 222
Genista corsica 111
Genista tridentata 111
Hebe sp.333
Hibiscus syriacus 111
Hypericum androsaemum 111
Hypericum perforatum 111
Ilex aquifolium 222
Laurus nobilis 111
Lavandula angustifolia 222
Lavandula dentata 666
Lavandula sp.111
Lavandula stoechas 111
Lavatera cretica 111
Magnolia grandiflora 333
Magnolia x soulangeana 111
Medicago sativa 2224
Metrosideros excelsa 222
Metrosideros sp.111
Myrtus communis 222
Nerium oleander 11213
Nicotiana tabacum 11
Olea europaea 178412
Olea sp.111
Pelargonium graveolens 111
Plantago lanceolata 111
Polygala myrtifolia 639211
Prunus avium 11
Prunus cerasifera 11
Prunus domestica 22
Prunus dulcis 51015419
Prunus laurocerasus 111
Prunus persica 111
Prunus sp.111
Pteridium aquilinum 111
Quercus petraea 11
Quercus robur 222
Quercus rubra 1233
Quercus suber 333
Rosa sp.111
Rubus fruticosus 11
Rubus ulmifolius 222
Salix alba 11
Salvia mellifera 333
Salvia officinalis 111
Salvia rosmarinus 222
Sambucus nigra 111
Santolina chamaecyparissus 444
Santolina sp.111
Spartium junceum 111
Strelitzia reginae 111
Ulex europaeus 222
Ulex minor 222
Ulex sp.222
Vinca major 222
Vinca sp.111
Vitis vinifera 11
ST7 and ST88 1 1 1
Polygala myrtifolia 111
ST8 13 13 13
Alnus rhombifolia 111
Carya illinoinensis 222
Platanus occidentalis 777
Platanus sp.111
Quercus palustris 111
Ulmus americana 111
ST9 28 28 4 32
Polygala myrtifolia 11
Quercus coccinea 222
Quercus falcata 1112
Quercus laevis 222
Quercus nigra 111
Quercus palustris 111111
Quercus petraea 11
Quercus phellos 111
Quercus robur 111
Quercus rubra 555
Quercus shumardii 111
Quercus sp.333
Rubus fruticosus 11
ST10 9 9 4 13
Polygala myrtifolia 11
Prunus domestica 3314
Prunus persica 333
Prunus sp.333
Quercus petraea 11
Salix alba 11
ST15 3 3 3
Prunus cerasifera 333
ST22 3 3 1 4
Ambrosia psilostachya 111
Ambrosia trifida 2213
ST23 12 12 12
Acer rubrum 111
Ambrosia trifida 222
Helianthus sp.333
Iva annua 222
Quercus rubra 111
Ratibida columnifera 222
Solidago virgaurea 111
ST24 5 5 3 8
Cercis occidentalis 111
Liquidambar styraciflua 3325
Prunus dulcis 11
Ulmus crassifolia 111
ST25 4 4 4
Encelia farinosa 444
ST26 2 12 14 8 22
Alnus rhombifolia 111
Bidens pilosa 11
Lepidium ruderale 11
Prunus cerasifera 2213
Prunus domestica 2133
Prunus dulcis 11
Prunus persica 11
Prunus sp.888
Raphanus sativus 11
Rubus fruticosus 11
Solanum americanum 11
ST27 7 7 2 9
Ginkgo biloba 111
Lagerstroemia sp.111
Prunus cerasifera 11
Prunus dulcis 2213
Prunus sp.333
ST28 4 4 1 5
Ambrosia trifida 2213
Helianthus sp.111
Iva annua 111
ST32 2 2 1 3
Rubus fruticosus 11
Rubus sp.222
ST34 1 1 1
Prunus cerasifera 111
ST35 1 1 1
Xanthium strumarium 111
ST36 1 1 1 2
Prunus cerasifera 11
Prunus sp.111
ST37 2 2 2
Lupinus aridorum 111
Lupinus villosus 111
ST38 1 1 1
Platanus occidentalis 111
ST39 6 6 6
Koelreuteria bipinnata 111
Liquidambar styraciflua 444
Prunus sp.111
ST40 4 4 1 5
Prunus cerasifera 3314
Sambucus sp.111
ST41 8 8 2 10
Prunus domestica 11
Prunus salicina 2213
Prunus sp.222
Ulmus americana 222
Ulmus sp.222
ST42 18 18 3 21
Ambrosia trifida 2213
Sapindus saponaria 111
Vaccinium ashei 666
Vaccinium corymbosum 3314
Vaccinium corymbosum x V. angustifolium hybrid11
Vaccinium sp.666
ST43 7 7 2 9
Vaccinium corymbosum 2213
Vaccinium corymbosum x V. angustifolium hybrid11
Vaccinium sp.555
ST44 2 2 2
Quercus palustris 111
Quercus rubra 111
ST45 6 6 6
Acer griseum 111
Ampelopsis cordata 111
Cercis canadensis 333
Gleditsia triacanthos 111
ST46 3 3 3
Celtis occidentalis 111
Chionanthus sp.111
Prunus armeniaca 111
ST48 1 1 1
Sapindus saponaria 111
ST49 1 1 1
Prunus sp.111
ST50 2 2 2
Fraxinus americana 111
Fraxinus sp.111
ST51 4 4 1 5
Periwinkle (common name)111
Vinca sp.3314
ST58 1 1 1 2
Ambrosia trifida 1112
ST63 1 1 1
Prunus domestica 111
ST67 2 2 8 10
Bidens pilosa 11
Lepidium ruderale 11
Prunus domestica 222
Prunus salicina 44
Raphanus sativus 11
Solanum americanum 11
ST71 4 4
Bidens pilosa 11
Lepidium ruderale 11
Raphanus sativus 11
Solanum americanum 11
ST79 1 1 1
Polygala myrtifolia 111
ST81 99 1 100 16 116
Acacia saligna 222
Acacia sp.111
Calicotome spinosa 111
Cistus albidus 444
Clematis cirrhosa 333
Ficus carica 888
Fraxinus angustifolia 333
Genista valdes‐bermejoi 222
Helichrysum stoechas 444
Lavandula angustifolia 333
Lavandula dentata 333
Nerium oleander 111
Olea europaea 111121527
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris 333
Phagnalon saxatile 111
Phillyrea angustifolia 333
Phlomis italica 222
Polygala myrtifolia 444
Prunus domestica 333
Prunus dulcis 1414115
Rhamnus alaternus 555
Salvia officinalis 333
Salvia rosmarinus 444
Santolina chamaecyparissus 555
Santolina magonica 222
Spartium junceum 222
Vitex agnus‐castus 222
ST82 2 2 2
Vaccinium ashei 222
ST83 2 2 2
Vaccinium ashei 222
ST87 91 91 1 92
Acacia dealbata 222
Asparagus acutifolius 222
Calicotome spinosa 333
Calicotome villosa 222
Cercis siliquastrum 333
Cistus monspeliensis 333
Cistus salviifolius 333
Cistus sp.555
Clematis vitalba 111
Cytisus scoparius 333
Elaeagnus angustifolia 333
Ficus carica 333
Helichrysum italicum 222
Helichrysum sp.333
Laurus nobilis 222
Lavandula angustifolia 333
Lavandula dentata 222
Lavandula sp.222
Lonicera implexa 222
Myrtus communis 222
Olea europaea 11
Phagnalon saxatile 222
Polygala myrtifolia 888
Prunus dulcis 888
Rhamnus alaternus 777
Rosa canina 111
Salvia rosmarinus 555
Scabiosa atropurpurea var. maritima 111
Spartium junceum 888
ST88 6 6 6
Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca 111
Dimorphotheca ecklonis 111
Euryops chrysanthemoides 111
Hebe sp.111
Lavandula x intermedia 111
Polygala myrtifolia 111
ST89 2 2 2
Myoporum sp.111
Viburnum tinus 111
pauca 8 127 10 6 4 460 38 4 657 247 23 927
ST11 52 52 14 3 69
Catharanthus roseus 22
Citrus sinensis 22224329
Citrus sp.292929
Coffea arabica 44
Coffea sp.111
Nicotiana tabacum 44
ST12 3 3 3 6
Citrus sinensis 2224
Citrus sp.1112
ST13 12 12 89 3 104
Arabidopsis thaliana 11
Bidens pilosa 33
Catharanthus roseus 1414
Citrus reticulata 33
Citrus sinensis 6623332
Citrus sp.662127
Medicago sativa 33
Nicotiana clevelandii 11
Nicotiana tabacum 1212
Ocimum basilicum 33
Periwinkle (common name)11
Solanum americanum 44
ST14 8 8 4 12
Coffea arabica 111
Coffea sp.6628
Prunus domestica 11
Prunus sp.1112
ST16 40 40 15 1 56
Citrus sinensis 11
Coffea arabica 2279
Coffea sp.1717118
Nicotiana tabacum 66
Olea europaea 2121122
ST53 8 4 460 3 475 106 6 587
Acacia saligna 333
Amaranthus retroflexus 333
Asparagus acutifolius 333
Catharanthus roseus 22911
Chenopodium album 5516
Cistus creticus 111
Coffea arabica 32516
Coffea sp.11124
Dimorphotheca fruticosa 111
Dodonaea viscosa 222
Eremophila maculata 111
Erigeron bonariensis 333
Erigeron sp.666
Erigeron sumatrensis 111
Euphorbia chamaesyce 222
Euphorbia terracina 111
Grevillea juniperina 111
Hebe sp.111
Heliotropium europaeum 333
Jasminum azoricum 22
Laurus nobilis 222
Lavandula angustifolia 333
Lavandula sp.111
Lavandula stoechas 222
Medicago sativa 11
Myoporum insulare 111
Myrtus communis 222
Nerium oleander 518238435
Nicotiana tabacum 55
Olea europaea 132832952381
Pelargonium fragrans 111
Pelargonium sp.111
Periwinkle (common name)111
Phillyrea latifolia 222
Pistacia vera 111
Polygala myrtifolia 12223932
Prunus avium 99413
Prunus domestica 22
Prunus dulcis 1010414
Prunus persica 111
Quercus ilex 111
Quercus petraea 11
Rhamnus alaternus 444
Salix alba 11
Salvia rosmarinus 555
Spartium junceum 222
Vinca minor 111
Vitis vinifera 55
Westringia fruticosa 444
Westringia glabra 111
ST64 1 1 1
Citrus sinensis 111
ST65 1 1 2 3
Catharanthus roseus 22
Citrus sinensis 111
ST66 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST68 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST69 6 6 1 7
Citrus sinensis 4415
Olea europaea 222
ST70 2 2 2 2 6
Catharanthus roseus 22
Hibiscus fragilis 11
Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis 111
Hibiscus sp.1112
ST71 1 1 1
Prunus domestica 111
ST73 1 1 2 4 6
Catharanthus roseus 11
Coffea arabica 1122
Nerium oleander 11
Nicotiana tabacum 11
Polygala myrtifolia 11
ST73 and ST53 1 1 1
Coffea arabica 111
ST74 6 6 6
Coffea arabica 666
ST78 2 2 2
Olea europaea 111
Prunus dulcis 111
ST80 38 38 15 53
Acacia saligna 222
Acacia sp.111
Cistus albidus 444
Elaeagnus angustifolia 111
Genista hirsuta 222
Lavandula angustifolia 222
Lavandula dentata 333
Olea europaea 551520
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris 222
Polygala myrtifolia 333
Prunus dulcis 666
Salvia officinalis 111
Salvia rosmarinus 333
Thymus vulgaris 111
Ulex parviflorus 222
ST84 3 3 3
Olea europaea 333
ST85 1 1 1
Olea europaea 111
ST86 1 1 1
Olea europaea 111
sandyi 4 1 1 25 1 32 9 1 42
ST5 25 25 4 29
Hemerocallis sp.111
Jacaranda mimosifolia 111
Magnolia grandiflora 111
Nerium oleander 2222123
Prunus dulcis 11
Vinca major 22
ST72 2 1 1 4 5 1 10
Coffea arabica 213115
Coffea sp.111
Nerium oleander 11
Olea europaea 33
ST76 2 1 3 3
Coffea arabica 111
Coffea sp.111
Polygala myrtifolia 111
Grand Total 8 132 39 6 116 1 551 21 106 352 401 5 1,738 560 49 2,347

Appendix E – References included in this update

List of the 30 references included in this sixth update of the Xylella spp. host plant database. Informative data listed in Table 5 were extracted from those references and added to the database.

  1. Girelli CR, Hussain M, Verweire D, Oehl MC, Massana‐Codina J, Avendaño MS, Migoni D, Scortichini M and Fanizzi FP, 2022. Agro‐active endo‐therapy treated Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca‐infected olive trees assessed by the first 1H‐NMR‐based metabolomic study. Scientific Reports, 12, 5973.
  2. De Souza‐Neto RR, Carvalho IGB, Martins PMM, Picchi SC, Tomaz JP, Caserta R, Takita MA and e Souza AA, 2022. MqsR toxin as a biotechnological tool for plant pathogen bacterial control. Scientific Reports, 12, 2794.
  3. Anguita‐Maeso M, Ares‐Yebra A, Haro C, Román‐Écija M, Olivares‐García C, Costa J, Marco‐Noales E, Ferrer A, Navas‐Cortés JA and Landa BB, 2022. Xylella fastidiosa infection reshapes microbial composition and network associations in the xylem of almond trees. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 866085.
  4. Velasco‐Amo MP, giraldo LF, garcía C, Denancé N, Jacques MA and Landa BB, 2022. Use of traC gene to type the incidence and distribution of pXFAS_5235 plasmid‐bearing strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa ST1 in Spain. Plants, 11, 1562.
  5. Cunty A, Legendre B, e Jerphanion P, Dousset C, Forveille A, Paillard S and Olivier V, 2022. Update of the Xylella fastidiosa outbreak in France: two new variants detected and a new region affected. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 163, 505–510.
  6. Müller C, Esteves MB, Kleina HT, e Melo Sales T, Liva KB, Balbinote J and Lopes JRS, 2022. Weeds as alternative hosts of Xylella fastidiosa in Brazilian plum orchards. Journal of Plant Pathology, 104, 487–493.
  7. Scala V, Salustri M, Loreti S, Pucci N, Cacciotti A, Tatulli G, Scortichini M and Reverberi M, 2022. Mass spectrometry‐based targeted lipidomics and supervised machine learning algorithms in detecting disease, cultivar, and treatment biomarkers in Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca‐infected olive trees. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 833245.
  8. Cervantes K, Hilton AE, Stamler RA, Heerema RJ, Bock C, Wang X, Jo YK, Grauke LJ and Randall JJ, 2022. Evidence for seed transmission of Xylella fastidiosa in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis). Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 780335.
  9. Oleary ML, Arias‐Giraldo LF, Burbank LP, De La Fuente L and Landa BB, 2022. Complete genome resources for Xylella fastidiosa strains AlmaEM3 and BB08‐1 reveal prophage‐associated structural variation among blueberry‐infecting strains. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 112, 732–736.
  10. Waliullah S, Di Genova D, Oliver JE and Ali ME, 2022. Development of a CAPS Marker and a LAMP assay for rapid detection of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex and differentiation from X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa on blueberry. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 1937.
  11. El Handi K, Hafidi M, Sabri M, Frem M, El Moujabber M, Habbadi K, Haddad N, Benbouazza A, Kubaa RA and Achbani EH, 2022. Continuous pest surveillance and monitoring constitute a tool for sustainable agriculture: case of Xylella fastidiosa in Morocco. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14, 1485.
  12. Johnson MA, Liu H, Bush E, Sharma P, Yang S, Mazloom R, Heath LS, Nita M, Li S and Vinatzer BA, 2022. Investigating plant disease outbreaks with long‐read metagenomics: sensitive detection and highly resolved phylogenetic reconstruction applied to Xylella fastidiosa. Microbial Genomics, 8, mgen000822.
  13. De Pascali M, Vergine M, Negro C, Greco D, Vita F, Sabella E, De Bellis L and Luvisi A, 2022. Xylella fastidiosa and drought stress in olive trees: a complex relationship mediated by soluble sugars. Biology, 11, 112.
  14. Tolocka PA, Giolitti F, Guzmán FA, Mattio MF, Nome CF, Ortega LI, Paccioretti MA, Roca ME, Otero ML and Haelterman RM, 2021. Characterisation of Xylella fastidiosa from plant materials and isolated strains of olive (Olea europaea L.) and implementation of a serological diagnostic system in Argentina. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 47, 380–389.
  15. Johnson KA, Bock C, Vinson EL and Brannen P, 2022. Prevalence and distribution of Phony Peach Disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa) in the United States. Plant Disease.
  16. Olawole O, Uribe P, Rodriquez NA, Gonzalez CF and Ong K, 2022. First report of Bacterial Leaf Scald of plum caused by Xylella fastidiosa in Texas. Plant Disease.
  17. Ge Q, Zhu X, Cobine PA and e la Fuente L, 2022. The copper‐binding protein CutC is involved in copper homeostasis and affects virulence in the xylem‐limited pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 112, 1620–1629.
  18. Tolocka PA, Guzman FA, Paccioretti MD, Roca ME, Otero ML and Haelterman RM, 2022. Identification of sequence type ST78 Xylella fastidiosa from olive trees in Argentina. PHYTOPATHOLOGY, 112, 16–16.
  19. Feitosa‐Junior OR, Souza APS, Zaini PA, Baccari C, Ionescu M, Pierry PM, Uceda‐Campos G, Labroussaa F, Almeida RPP, Lindow S and Silva AM, 2022. The XadA trimeric autotransporter adhesins in Xylella fastidiosa differentially contribute to cell aggregation, biofilm formation, insect transmission and virulence to plants. Molecular plant‐microbe interactions: MPMI.
  20. Europhyt notification n. ‐124 (Update 31).
  21. Europhyt notification n. ‐228 (Update 26).
  22. Europhyt notification n. 1194 (Update 5).
  23. Europhyt notification n. 501 (Update 13).
  24. Europhyt notification n. 1157 (Update 9).
  25. Europhyt notification n. 718 (Update 11).
  26. Europhyt notification n. 753 (Update 19).
  27. Europhyt notification n. 1255 (Update 2).
  28. Europhyt notification n. 246 (Update 18).
  29. Europhyt notification n. 1528 (Update 2).
  30. Europhyt notification n. 1917 (Update 00).

Annex A – Links to data and interactive reports

Data are available as interactive reports on the Microstrategy platform at the following link:

https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, this report refers to version 7 (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1339343 ).

Notes

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , Delbianco A, Gibin D, Pasinato L, Boscia D, Morelli M, 2023. Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 30 June 2022. EFSA Journal 2023;21(1):7726, 90 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7726 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Requestor European Commission

Question number EFSA‐Q‐2021‐00776

Acknowledgements EFSA wishes to acknowledge the National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR‐IPSP), Bari, Italy, for the support provided to this scientific output in the context of grant GP/EFSA/ALPHA/2017/02 Lot 5 GA1 ‐ Specific agreement Nr. 5. EFSA wishes to thank Claude Bragard (Chair of EFSA Panel of Plant Health) for reviewing this scientific report.

Declarations of interest If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact ue.aporue.asfe@tnemeganamtseretni.

EFSA may include images or other content for which it does not hold copyright. In such cases, EFSA indicates the copyright holder and users should seek permission to reproduce the content from the original source.

Approved: 29 November 2022

References

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