Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Y. Nir
Request for Comments: 8439 Dell EMC
Obsoletes: 7539 A. Langley
Category: Informational Google, Inc.
ISSN: 2070-1721 June 2018
ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF Protocols
Abstract
This document defines the ChaCha20 stream cipher as well as the use
of the Poly1305 authenticator, both as stand-alone algorithms and as
a "combined mode", or Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data
(AEAD) algorithm.
RFC 7539, the predecessor of this document, was meant to serve as a
stable reference and an implementation guide. It was a product of
the Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG). This document merges the
errata filed against RFC 7539 and adds a little text to the Security
Considerations section.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related research
and development activities. These results might not be suitable for
deployment. This RFC represents the consensus of the Crypto Forum
Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Documents
approved for publication by the IRSG are not candidates for any level
of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8439.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. The Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. The ChaCha Quarter Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1. Test Vector for the ChaCha Quarter Round . . . . . . 6
2.2. A Quarter Round on the ChaCha State . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1. Test Vector for the Quarter Round on the ChaCha State 7
2.3. The ChaCha20 Block Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1. The ChaCha20 Block Function in Pseudocode . . . . . . 9
2.3.2. Test Vector for the ChaCha20 Block Function . . . . . 10
2.4. The ChaCha20 Encryption Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1. The ChaCha20 Encryption Algorithm in Pseudocode . . . 12
2.4.2. Example and Test Vector for the ChaCha20 Cipher . . . 12
2.5. The Poly1305 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.1. The Poly1305 Algorithms in Pseudocode . . . . . . . . 16
2.5.2. Poly1305 Example and Test Vector . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6. Generating the Poly1305 Key Using ChaCha20 . . . . . . . 18
2.6.1. Poly1305 Key Generation in Pseudocode . . . . . . . . 19
2.6.2. Poly1305 Key Generation Test Vector . . . . . . . . . 19
2.7. A Pseudorandom Function for Crypto Suites Based on
ChaCha/Poly1305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8. AEAD Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.8.1. Pseudocode for the AEAD Construction . . . . . . . . 23
2.8.2. Example and Test Vector for AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305 . 23
3. Implementation Advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Appendix A. Additional Test Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.1. The ChaCha20 Block Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.2. ChaCha20 Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A.3. Poly1305 Message Authentication Code . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.4. Poly1305 Key Generation Using ChaCha20 . . . . . . . . . 41
A.5. ChaCha20-Poly1305 AEAD Decryption . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Appendix B. Performance Measurements of ChaCha20 . . . . . . . . 45
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
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1. Introduction
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES -- [FIPS-197]) has become the
gold standard in encryption. Its efficient design, widespread
implementation, and hardware support allow for high performance in
many areas. On most modern platforms, AES is anywhere from four to
ten times as fast as the previous most-used cipher, Triple Data
Encryption Standard (3DES -- [SP800-67]), which makes it not only the
best choice, but the only practical choice.
There are several problems with this. If future advances in
cryptanalysis reveal a weakness in AES, users will be in an
unenviable position. With the only other widely supported cipher
being the much slower 3DES, it is not feasible to reconfigure
deployments to use 3DES. [Standby-Cipher] describes this issue and
the need for a standby cipher in greater detail. Another problem is
that while AES is very fast on dedicated hardware, its performance on
platforms that lack such hardware is considerably lower. Yet another
problem is that many AES implementations are vulnerable to cache-
collision timing attacks ([Cache-Collisions]).
This document provides a definition and implementation guide for
three algorithms:
1. The ChaCha20 cipher. This is a high-speed cipher first described
in [ChaCha]. It is considerably faster than AES in software-only
implementations, making it around three times as fast on
platforms that lack specialized AES hardware. See Appendix B for
some hard numbers. ChaCha20 is also not sensitive to timing
attacks (see the security considerations in Section 4). This
algorithm is described in Section 2.4
2. The Poly1305 authenticator. This is a high-speed message
authentication code. Implementation is also straightforward and
easy to get right. The algorithm is described in Section 2.5.
3. The CHACHA20-POLY1305 Authenticated Encryption with Associated
Data (AEAD) construction, described in Section 2.8.
This document and its predecessor do not introduce these new
algorithms for the first time. They have been defined in scientific
papers by D. J. Bernstein [ChaCha][Poly1305]. The purpose of this
document is to serve as a stable reference for IETF documents making
use of these algorithms.
These algorithms have undergone rigorous analysis. Several papers
discuss the security of Salsa and ChaCha ([LatinDances],
[LatinDances2], [Zhenqing2012]).
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This document represents the consensus of the Crypto Forum Research
Group (CFRG). It replaces [RFC7539].
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
The description of the ChaCha algorithm will at various time refer to
the ChaCha state as a "vector" or as a "matrix". This follows the
use of these terms in [ChaCha]. The matrix notation is more visually
convenient and gives a better notion as to why some rounds are called
"column rounds" while others are called "diagonal rounds". Here's a
diagram of how the matrices relate to vectors (using the C language
convention of zero being the index origin).
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
The elements in this vector or matrix are 32-bit unsigned integers.
The algorithm name is "ChaCha". "ChaCha20" is a specific instance
where 20 "rounds" (or 80 quarter rounds -- see Section 2.1) are used.
Other variations are defined, with 8 or 12 rounds, but in this
document we only describe the 20-round ChaCha, so the names "ChaCha"
and "ChaCha20" will be used interchangeably.
2. The Algorithms
The subsections below describe the algorithms used and the AEAD
construction.
2.1. The ChaCha Quarter Round
The basic operation of the ChaCha algorithm is the quarter round. It
operates on four 32-bit unsigned integers, denoted a, b, c, and d.
The operation is as follows (in C-like notation):
a += b; d ^= a; d <<<= 16;
c += d; b ^= c; b <<<= 12;
a += b; d ^= a; d <<<= 8;
c += d; b ^= c; b <<<= 7;
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Where "+" denotes integer addition modulo 2^32, "^" denotes a bitwise
Exclusive OR (XOR), and "<<< n" denotes an n-bit left roll (towards
the high bits).
For example, let's see the add, XOR, and roll operations from the
fourth line with sample numbers:
a = 0x11111111
b = 0x01020304
c = 0x77777777
d = 0x01234567
c = c + d = 0x77777777 + 0x01234567 = 0x789abcde
b = b ^ c = 0x01020304 ^ 0x789abcde = 0x7998bfda
b = b <<< 7 = 0x7998bfda <<< 7 = 0xcc5fed3c
2.1.1. Test Vector for the ChaCha Quarter Round
For a test vector, we will use the same numbers as in the example,
adding something random for c.
a = 0x11111111
b = 0x01020304
c = 0x9b8d6f43
d = 0x01234567
After running a Quarter Round on these four numbers, we get these:
a = 0xea2a92f4
b = 0xcb1cf8ce
c = 0x4581472e
d = 0x5881c4bb
2.2. A Quarter Round on the ChaCha State
The ChaCha state does not have four integer numbers: it has 16. So
the quarter-round operation works on only four of them -- hence the
name. Each quarter round operates on four predetermined numbers in
the ChaCha state. We will denote by QUARTERROUND(x, y, z, w) a
quarter-round operation on the numbers at indices x, y, z, and w of
the ChaCha state when viewed as a vector. For example, if we apply
QUARTERROUND(1, 5, 9, 13) to a state, this means running the quarter-
round operation on the elements marked with an asterisk, while
leaving the others alone:
0 *a 2 3
4 *b 6 7
8 *c 10 11
12 *d 14 15
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Note that this run of quarter round is part of what is called a
"column round".
2.2.1. Test Vector for the Quarter Round on the ChaCha State
For a test vector, we will use a ChaCha state that was generated
randomly:
Sample ChaCha State
879531e0 c5ecf37d 516461b1 c9a62f8a
44c20ef3 3390af7f d9fc690b 2a5f714c
53372767 b00a5631 974c541a 359e9963
5c971061 3d631689 2098d9d6 91dbd320
We will apply the QUARTERROUND(2, 7, 8, 13) operation to this state.
For obvious reasons, this one is part of what is called a "diagonal
round":
After applying QUARTERROUND(2, 7, 8, 13)
879531e0 c5ecf37d *bdb886dc c9a62f8a
44c20ef3 3390af7f d9fc690b *cfacafd2
*e46bea80 b00a5631 974c541a 359e9963
5c971061 *ccc07c79 2098d9d6 91dbd320
Note that only the numbers in positions 2, 7, 8, and 13 changed.
2.3. The ChaCha20 Block Function
The ChaCha block function transforms a ChaCha state by running
multiple quarter rounds.
The inputs to ChaCha20 are:
o A 256-bit key, treated as a concatenation of eight 32-bit little-
endian integers.
o A 96-bit nonce, treated as a concatenation of three 32-bit little-
endian integers.
o A 32-bit block count parameter, treated as a 32-bit little-endian
integer.
The output is 64 random-looking bytes.
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The ChaCha algorithm described here uses a 256-bit key. The original
algorithm also specified 128-bit keys and 8- and 12-round variants,
but these are out of scope for this document. In this section, we
describe the ChaCha block function.
Note also that the original ChaCha had a 64-bit nonce and 64-bit
block count. We have modified this here to be more consistent with
recommendations in Section 3.2 of [RFC5116]. This limits the use of
a single (key,nonce) combination to 2^32 blocks, or 256 GB, but that
is enough for most uses. In cases where a single key is used by
multiple senders, it is important to make sure that they don't use
the same nonces. This can be assured by partitioning the nonce space
so that the first 32 bits are unique per sender, while the other 64
bits come from a counter.
The ChaCha20 state is initialized as follows:
o The first four words (0-3) are constants: 0x61707865, 0x3320646e,
0x79622d32, 0x6b206574.
o The next eight words (4-11) are taken from the 256-bit key by
reading the bytes in little-endian order, in 4-byte chunks.
o Word 12 is a block counter. Since each block is 64-byte, a 32-bit
word is enough for 256 gigabytes of data.
o Words 13-15 are a nonce, which MUST not be repeated for the same
key. The 13th word is the first 32 bits of the input nonce taken
as a little-endian integer, while the 15th word is the last 32
bits.
cccccccc cccccccc cccccccc cccccccc
kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk
kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk kkkkkkkk
bbbbbbbb nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn
c=constant k=key b=blockcount n=nonce
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ChaCha20 runs 20 rounds, alternating between "column rounds" and
"diagonal rounds". Each round consists of four quarter-rounds, and
they are run as follows. Quarter rounds 1-4 are part of a "column"
round, while 5-8 are part of a "diagonal" round:
QUARTERROUND(0, 4, 8, 12)
QUARTERROUND(1, 5, 9, 13)
QUARTERROUND(2, 6, 10, 14)
QUARTERROUND(3, 7, 11, 15)
QUARTERROUND(0, 5, 10, 15)
QUARTERROUND(1, 6, 11, 12)
QUARTERROUND(2, 7, 8, 13)
QUARTERROUND(3, 4, 9, 14)
At the end of 20 rounds (or 10 iterations of the above list), we add
the original input words to the output words, and serialize the
result by sequencing the words one-by-one in little-endian order.
Note: "addition" in the above paragraph is done modulo 2^32. In some
machine languages, this is called carryless addition on a 32-bit
word.
2.3.1. The ChaCha20 Block Function in Pseudocode
Note: This section and a few others contain pseudocode for the
algorithm explained in a previous section. Every effort was made for
the pseudocode to accurately reflect the algorithm as described in
the preceding section. If a conflict is still present, the textual
explanation and the test vectors are normative.
inner_block (state):
Qround(state, 0, 4, 8, 12)
Qround(state, 1, 5, 9, 13)
Qround(state, 2, 6, 10, 14)
Qround(state, 3, 7, 11, 15)
Qround(state, 0, 5, 10, 15)
Qround(state, 1, 6, 11, 12)
Qround(state, 2, 7, 8, 13)
Qround(state, 3, 4, 9, 14)
end
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chacha20_block(key, counter, nonce):
state = constants | key | counter | nonce
initial_state = state
for i=1 upto 10
inner_block(state)
end
state += initial_state
return serialize(state)
end
Where the pipe character ("|") denotes concatenation.
2.3.2. Test Vector for the ChaCha20 Block Function
For a test vector, we will use the following inputs to the ChaCha20
block function:
o Key = 00:01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0a:0b:0c:0d:0e:0f:10:11:12:13:
14:15:16:17:18:19:1a:1b:1c:1d:1e:1f. The key is a sequence of
octets with no particular structure before we copy it into the
ChaCha state.
o Nonce = (00:00:00:09:00:00:00:4a:00:00:00:00)
o Block Count = 1.
After setting up the ChaCha state, it looks like this:
ChaCha state with the key setup.
61707865 3320646e 79622d32 6b206574
03020100 07060504 0b0a0908 0f0e0d0c
13121110 17161514 1b1a1918 1f1e1d1c
00000001 09000000 4a000000 00000000
After running 20 rounds (10 column rounds interleaved with 10
"diagonal rounds"), the ChaCha state looks like this:
ChaCha state after 20 rounds
837778ab e238d763 a67ae21e 5950bb2f
c4f2d0c7 fc62bb2f 8fa018fc 3f5ec7b7
335271c2 f29489f3 eabda8fc 82e46ebd
d19c12b4 b04e16de 9e83d0cb 4e3c50a2
Finally, we add the original state to the result (simple vector or
matrix addition), giving this:
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ChaCha state at the end of the ChaCha20 operation
e4e7f110 15593bd1 1fdd0f50 c47120a3
c7f4d1c7 0368c033 9aaa2204 4e6cd4c3
466482d2 09aa9f07 05d7c214 a2028bd9
d19c12b5 b94e16de e883d0cb 4e3c50a2
After we serialize the state, we get this:
Serialized Block:
000 10 f1 e7 e4 d1 3b 59 15 50 0f dd 1f a3 20 71 c4 .....;Y.P.... q.
016 c7 d1 f4 c7 33 c0 68 03 04 22 aa 9a c3 d4 6c 4e ....3.h.."....lN
032 d2 82 64 46 07 9f aa 09 14 c2 d7 05 d9 8b 02 a2 ..dF............
048 b5 12 9c d1 de 16 4e b9 cb d0 83 e8 a2 50 3c 4e ......N......P.S.
Poly1305 r = 455e9a4057ab6080f47b42c052bac7b
Poly1305 s = ff53d53e7875932aebd9751073d6e10a
keystream bytes:
9f:7b:e9:5d:01:fd:40:ba:15:e2:8f:fb:36:81:0a:ae:
c1:c0:88:3f:09:01:6e:de:dd:8a:d0:87:55:82:03:a5:
4e:9e:cb:38:ac:8e:5e:2b:b8:da:b2:0f:fa:db:52:e8:
75:04:b2:6e:be:69:6d:4f:60:a4:85:cf:11:b8:1b:59:
fc:b1:c4:5f:42:19:ee:ac:ec:6a:de:c3:4e:66:69:78:
8e:db:41:c4:9c:a3:01:e1:27:e0:ac:ab:3b:44:b9:cf:
5c:86:bb:95:e0:6b:0d:f2:90:1a:b6:45:e4:ab:e6:22:
15:38
Ciphertext:
000 d3 1a 8d 34 64 8e 60 db 7b 86 af bc 53 ef 7e c2 ...4d.`.{...S.~.
016 a4 ad ed 51 29 6e 08 fe a9 e2 b5 a7 36 ee 62 d6 ...Q)n......6.b.
032 3d be a4 5e 8c a9 67 12 82 fa fb 69 da 92 72 8b =..^..g....i..r.
048 1a 71 de 0a 9e 06 0b 29 05 d6 a5 b6 7e cd 3b 36 .q.....)....~.;6
064 92 dd bd 7f 2d 77 8b 8c 98 03 ae e3 28 09 1b 58 ....-w......(..X
080 fa b3 24 e4 fa d6 75 94 55 85 80 8b 48 31 d7 bc ..$...u.U...H1..
096 3f f4 de f0 8e 4b 7a 9d e5 76 d2 65 86 ce c6 4b ?....Kz..v.e...K
112 61 16 a.
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AEAD Construction for Poly1305:
000 50 51 52 53 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 00 00 00 00 PQRS............
016 d3 1a 8d 34 64 8e 60 db 7b 86 af bc 53 ef 7e c2 ...4d.`.{...S.~.
032 a4 ad ed 51 29 6e 08 fe a9 e2 b5 a7 36 ee 62 d6 ...Q)n......6.b.
048 3d be a4 5e 8c a9 67 12 82 fa fb 69 da 92 72 8b =..^..g....i..r.
064 1a 71 de 0a 9e 06 0b 29 05 d6 a5 b6 7e cd 3b 36 .q.....)....~.;6
080 92 dd bd 7f 2d 77 8b 8c 98 03 ae e3 28 09 1b 58 ....-w......(..X
096 fa b3 24 e4 fa d6 75 94 55 85 80 8b 48 31 d7 bc ..$...u.U...H1..
112 3f f4 de f0 8e 4b 7a 9d e5 76 d2 65 86 ce c6 4b ?....Kz..v.e...K
128 61 16 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a...............
144 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 72 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ........r.......
Note the four zero bytes in line 000 and the 14 zero bytes in line
128
Tag:
1a:e1:0b:59:4f:09:e2:6a:7e:90:2e:cb:d0:60:06:91
3. Implementation Advice
Each block of ChaCha20 involves 16 move operations and one increment
operation for loading the state, 80 each of XOR, addition and roll
operations for the rounds, 16 more add operations and 16 XOR
operations for protecting the plaintext. Section 2.3 describes the
ChaCha block function as "adding the original input words". This
implies that before starting the rounds on the ChaCha state, we copy
it aside, only to add it in later. This is correct, but we can save
a few operations if we instead copy the state and do the work on the
copy. This way, for the next block you don't need to recreate the
state, but only to increment the block counter. This saves
approximately 5.5% of the cycles.
It is not recommended to use a generic big number library such as the
one in OpenSSL for the arithmetic operations in Poly1305. Such
libraries use dynamic allocation to be able to handle an integer of
any size, but that flexibility comes at the expense of performance as
well as side-channel security. More efficient implementations that
run in constant time are available, one of them in D. J. Bernstein's
own library, NaCl ([NaCl]). A constant-time but not optimal approach
would be to naively implement the arithmetic operations for 288-bit
integers, because even a naive implementation will not exceed 2^288
in the multiplication of (acc+block) and r. An efficient constant-
time implementation can be found in the public domain library
poly1305-donna ([Poly1305_Donna]).
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4. Security Considerations
The ChaCha20 cipher is designed to provide 256-bit security.
The Poly1305 authenticator is designed to ensure that forged messages
are rejected with a probability of 1-(n/(2^102)) for a 16n-byte
message, even after sending 2^64 legitimate messages, so it is
SUF-CMA (strong unforgeability against chosen-message attacks) in the
terminology of [AE].
Proving the security of either of these is beyond the scope of this
document. Such proofs are available in the referenced academic
papers ([ChaCha], [Poly1305], [LatinDances], [LatinDances2], and
[Zhenqing2012]).
The most important security consideration in implementing this
document is the uniqueness of the nonce used in ChaCha20. Counters
and LFSRs are both acceptable ways of generating unique nonces, as is
encrypting a counter using a block cipher with a 64-bit block size
such as DES. Note that it is not acceptable to use a truncation of a
counter encrypted with block ciphers with 128-bit or 256-bit blocks,
because such a truncation may repeat after a short time.
Consequences of repeating a nonce: If a nonce is repeated, then both
the one-time Poly1305 key and the keystream are identical between the
messages. This reveals the XOR of the plaintexts, because the XOR of
the plaintexts is equal to the XOR of the ciphertexts.
The Poly1305 key MUST be unpredictable to an attacker. Randomly
generating the key would fulfill this requirement, except that
Poly1305 is often used in communications protocols, so the receiver
should know the key. Pseudorandom number generation such as by
encrypting a counter is acceptable. Using ChaCha with a secret key
and a nonce is also acceptable.
The algorithms presented here were designed to be easy to implement
in constant time to avoid side-channel vulnerabilities. The
operations used in ChaCha20 are all additions, XORs, and fixed rolls.
All of these can and should be implemented in constant time. Access
to offsets into the ChaCha state and the number of operations do not
depend on any property of the key, eliminating the chance of
information about the key leaking through the timing of cache misses.
For Poly1305, the operations are addition, multiplication. and
modulus, all on numbers with greater than 128 bits. This can be done
in constant time, but a naive implementation (such as using some
generic big number library) will not be constant time. For example,
if the multiplication is performed as a separate operation from the
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modulus, the result will sometimes be under 2^256 and sometimes be
above 2^256. Implementers should be careful about timing side-
channels for Poly1305 by using the appropriate implementation of
these operations.
Validating the authenticity of a message involves a bitwise
comparison of the calculated tag with the received tag. In most use
cases, nonces and AAD contents are not "used up" until a valid
message is received. This allows an attacker to send multiple
identical messages with different tags until one passes the tag
comparison. This is hard if the attacker has to try all 2^128
possible tags one by one. However, if the timing of the tag
comparison operation reveals how long a prefix of the calculated and
received tags is identical, the number of messages can be reduced
significantly. For this reason, with online protocols,
implementation MUST use a constant-time comparison function rather
than relying on optimized but insecure library functions such as the
C language's memcmp().
Additionally, any protocol using this algorithm MUST include the
complete tag to minimize the opportunity for forgery. Tag truncation
MUST NOT be done.
5. IANA Considerations
IANA has updated the entry in the "Authenticated Encryption with
Associated Data (AEAD) Parameters" registry with 29 as the Numeric ID
and "AEAD_CHACHA20_POLY1305" as the name to point to this document as
its reference.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[ChaCha] Bernstein, D., "ChaCha, a variant of Salsa20", January
2008, .
[Poly1305]
Bernstein, D., "The Poly1305-AES message-authentication
code", March 2005,
.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
.
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 27]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, .
6.2. Informative References
[AE] Bellare, M. and C. Namprempre, "Authenticated Encryption:
Relations among notions and analysis of the generic
composition paradigm", DOI 10.1007/s00145-008-9026-x,
September 2008,
.
[Cache-Collisions]
Bonneau, J. and I. Mironov, "Cache-Collision Timing
Attacks Against AES", 2006,
.
[FIPS-197]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES)", FIPS PUB 197, November 2001,
.
[LatinDances]
Aumasson, J., Fischer, S., Khazaei, S., Meier, W., and C.
Rechberger, "New Features of Latin Dances: Analysis of
Salsa, ChaCha, and Rumba", December 2007,
.
[LatinDances2]
Ishiguro, T., Kiyomoto, S., and Y. Miyake, "Modified
version of 'Latin Dances Revisited: New Analytic Results
of Salsa20 and ChaCha'", February 2012,
.
[NaCl] Bernstein, D., Lange, T., and P. Schwabe, "NaCl:
Networking and Cryptography library", July 2012,
.
[Poly1305_Donna]
"poly1305-donna", commit e6ad6e0, March 2016,
.
[Procter] Procter, G., "A Security Analysis of the Composition of
ChaCha20 and Poly1305", August 2014,
.
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 28]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
[RFC5116] McGrew, D., "An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated
Encryption", RFC 5116, DOI 10.17487/RFC5116, January 2008,
.
[RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
(IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
2014, .
[RFC7539] Nir, Y. and A. Langley, "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 for IETF
Protocols", RFC 7539, DOI 10.17487/RFC7539, May 2015,
.
[SP800-67]
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm
(TDEA) Block Cipher", NIST 800-67, Rev. 2, November 2017,
.
[Standby-Cipher]
McGrew, D., Grieco, A., and Y. Sheffer, "Selection of
Future Cryptographic Standards", Work in Progress, draft-
mcgrew-standby-cipher-00, January 2013.
[Zhenqing2012]
Zhenqing, S., Bin, Z., Dengguo, F., and W. Wenling,
"Improved Key Recovery Attacks on Reduced-Round Salsa20
and ChaCha*", 2012.
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 29]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Appendix A. Additional Test Vectors
The subsections of this appendix contain more test vectors for the
algorithms in the subsections of Section 2.
A.1. The ChaCha20 Block Functions
Test Vector #1:
==============
Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............
Block Counter = 0
ChaCha state at the end
ade0b876 903df1a0 e56a5d40 28bd8653
b819d2bd 1aed8da0 ccef36a8 c70d778b
7c5941da 8d485751 3fe02477 374ad8b8
f4b8436a 1ca11815 69b687c3 8665eeb2
Keystream:
000 76 b8 e0 ad a0 f1 3d 90 40 5d 6a e5 53 86 bd 28 v.....=.@]j.S..(
016 bd d2 19 b8 a0 8d ed 1a a8 36 ef cc 8b 77 0d c7 .........6...w..
032 da 41 59 7c 51 57 48 8d 77 24 e0 3f b8 d8 4a 37 .AY|QWH.w$.?..J7
048 6a 43 b8 f4 15 18 a1 1c c3 87 b6 69 b2 ee 65 86 jC.........i..e.
Test Vector #2:
==============
Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............
Block Counter = 1
ChaCha state at the end
bee7079f 7a385155 7c97ba98 0d082d73
a0290fcb 6965e348 3e53c612 ed7aee32
7621b729 434ee69c b03371d5 d539d874
281fed31 45fb0a51 1f0ae1ac 6f4d794b
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 30]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Keystream:
000 9f 07 e7 be 55 51 38 7a 98 ba 97 7c 73 2d 08 0d ....UQ8z...|s-..
016 cb 0f 29 a0 48 e3 65 69 12 c6 53 3e 32 ee 7a ed ..).H.ei..S>2.z.
032 29 b7 21 76 9c e6 4e 43 d5 71 33 b0 74 d8 39 d5 ).!v..NC.q3.t.9.
048 31 ed 1f 28 51 0a fb 45 ac e1 0a 1f 4b 79 4d 6f 1..(Q..E....KyMo
Test Vector #3:
==============
Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............
Block Counter = 1
ChaCha state at the end
2452eb3a 9249f8ec 8d829d9b ddd4ceb1
e8252083 60818b01 f38422b8 5aaa49c9
bb00ca8e da3ba7b4 c4b592d1 fdf2732f
4436274e 2561b3c8 ebdd4aa6 a0136c00
Keystream:
000 3a eb 52 24 ec f8 49 92 9b 9d 82 8d b1 ce d4 dd :.R$..I.........
016 83 20 25 e8 01 8b 81 60 b8 22 84 f3 c9 49 aa 5a . %....`."...I.Z
032 8e ca 00 bb b4 a7 3b da d1 92 b5 c4 2f 73 f2 fd ......;...../s..
048 4e 27 36 44 c8 b3 61 25 a6 4a dd eb 00 6c 13 a0 N'6D..a%.J...l..
Test Vector #4:
==============
Key:
000 00 ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............
Block Counter = 2
ChaCha state at the end
fb4dd572 4bc42ef1 df922636 327f1394
a78dea8f 5e269039 a1bebbc1 caf09aae
a25ab213 48a6b46c 1b9d9bcb 092c5be6
546ca624 1bec45d5 87f47473 96f0992e
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 31]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Keystream:
000 72 d5 4d fb f1 2e c4 4b 36 26 92 df 94 13 7f 32 r.M....K6&.....2
016 8f ea 8d a7 39 90 26 5e c1 bb be a1 ae 9a f0 ca ....9.&^........
032 13 b2 5a a2 6c b4 a6 48 cb 9b 9d 1b e6 5b 2c 09 ..Z.l..H.....[,.
048 24 a6 6c 54 d5 45 ec 1b 73 74 f4 87 2e 99 f0 96 $.lT.E..st......
Test Vector #5:
==============
Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 ............
Block Counter = 0
ChaCha state at the end
374dc6c2 3736d58c b904e24a cd3f93ef
88228b1a 96a4dfb3 5b76ab72 c727ee54
0e0e978a f3145c95 1b748ea8 f786c297
99c28f5f 628314e8 398a19fa 6ded1b53
Keystream:
000 c2 c6 4d 37 8c d5 36 37 4a e2 04 b9 ef 93 3f cd ..M7..67J.....?.
016 1a 8b 22 88 b3 df a4 96 72 ab 76 5b 54 ee 27 c7 ..".....r.v[T.'.
032 8a 97 0e 0e 95 5c 14 f3 a8 8e 74 1b 97 c2 86 f7 .....\....t.....
048 5f 8f c2 99 e8 14 83 62 fa 19 8a 39 53 1b ed 6d _......b...9S..m
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 32]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
A.2. ChaCha20 Encryption
Test Vector #1:
==============
Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............
Initial Block Counter = 0
Plaintext:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
032 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Ciphertext:
000 76 b8 e0 ad a0 f1 3d 90 40 5d 6a e5 53 86 bd 28 v.....=.@]j.S..(
016 bd d2 19 b8 a0 8d ed 1a a8 36 ef cc 8b 77 0d c7 .........6...w..
032 da 41 59 7c 51 57 48 8d 77 24 e0 3f b8 d8 4a 37 .AY|QWH.w$.?..J7
048 6a 43 b8 f4 15 18 a1 1c c3 87 b6 69 b2 ee 65 86 jC.........i..e.
Test Vector #2:
==============
Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 ................
Nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 ............
Initial Block Counter = 1
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 33]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Plaintext:
000 41 6e 79 20 73 75 62 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 Any submission t
016 6f 20 74 68 65 20 49 45 54 46 20 69 6e 74 65 6e o the IETF inten
032 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 ded by the Contr
048 69 62 75 74 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 20 70 75 62 6c 69 ibutor for publi
064 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 72 cation as all or
080 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 49 45 54 46 part of an IETF
096 20 49 6e 74 65 72 6e 65 74 2d 44 72 61 66 74 20 Internet-Draft
112 6f 72 20 52 46 43 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6e 79 20 73 or RFC and any s
128 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6d 61 64 65 20 77 69 tatement made wi
144 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 78 74 thin the context
160 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 49 45 54 46 20 61 63 74 69 of an IETF acti
176 76 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 vity is consider
192 65 64 20 61 6e 20 22 49 45 54 46 20 43 6f 6e 74 ed an "IETF Cont
208 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 22 2e 20 53 75 63 68 20 ribution". Such
224 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 statements inclu
240 64 65 20 6f 72 61 6c 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e de oral statemen
256 74 73 20 69 6e 20 49 45 54 46 20 73 65 73 73 69 ts in IETF sessi
272 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 ons, as well as
288 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6c 65 63 written and elec
304 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 tronic communica
320 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 74 20 61 6e tions made at an
336 79 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 72 20 70 6c 61 63 65 2c y time or place,
352 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 61 64 64 72 65 which are addre
368 73 73 65 64 20 74 6f ssed to
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 34]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Ciphertext:
000 a3 fb f0 7d f3 fa 2f de 4f 37 6c a2 3e 82 73 70 ...}../.O7l.>.sp
016 41 60 5d 9f 4f 4f 57 bd 8c ff 2c 1d 4b 79 55 ec A`].OOW...,.KyU.
032 2a 97 94 8b d3 72 29 15 c8 f3 d3 37 f7 d3 70 05 *....r)....7..p.
048 0e 9e 96 d6 47 b7 c3 9f 56 e0 31 ca 5e b6 25 0d ....G...V.1.^.%.
064 40 42 e0 27 85 ec ec fa 4b 4b b5 e8 ea d0 44 0e @B.'....KK....D.
080 20 b6 e8 db 09 d8 81 a7 c6 13 2f 42 0e 52 79 50 ........./B.RyP
096 42 bd fa 77 73 d8 a9 05 14 47 b3 29 1c e1 41 1c B..ws....G.)..A.
112 68 04 65 55 2a a6 c4 05 b7 76 4d 5e 87 be a8 5a h.eU*....vM^...Z
128 d0 0f 84 49 ed 8f 72 d0 d6 62 ab 05 26 91 ca 66 ...I..r..b..&..f
144 42 4b c8 6d 2d f8 0e a4 1f 43 ab f9 37 d3 25 9d BK.m-....C..7.%.
160 c4 b2 d0 df b4 8a 6c 91 39 dd d7 f7 69 66 e9 28 ......l.9...if.(
176 e6 35 55 3b a7 6c 5c 87 9d 7b 35 d4 9e b2 e6 2b .5U;.l\..{5....+
192 08 71 cd ac 63 89 39 e2 5e 8a 1e 0e f9 d5 28 0f .q..c.9.^.....(.
208 a8 ca 32 8b 35 1c 3c 76 59 89 cb cf 3d aa 8b 6c ..2.5.vC..
080 1a 55 32 05 57 16 ea d6 96 25 68 f8 7d 3f 3f 77 .U2.W....%h.}??w
096 04 c6 a8 d1 bc d1 bf 4d 50 d6 15 4b 6d a7 31 b1 .......MP..Km.1.
112 87 b5 8d fd 72 8a fa 36 75 7a 79 7a c1 88 d1 ....r..6uzyz...
A.3. Poly1305 Message Authentication Code
Notice how, in test vector #2, r is equal to zero. The part of the
Poly1305 algorithm where the accumulator is multiplied by r means
that with r equal zero, the tag will be equal to s regardless of the
content of the text. Fortunately, all the proposed methods of
generating r are such that getting this particular weak key is very
unlikely.
Test Vector #1:
==============
One-time Poly1305 Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Text to MAC:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
032 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
048 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Tag:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Test Vector #2:
==============
One-time Poly1305 Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 36 e5 f6 b5 c5 e0 60 70 f0 ef ca 96 22 7a 86 3e 6.....`p...."z.>
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 36]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Text to MAC:
000 41 6e 79 20 73 75 62 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 Any submission t
016 6f 20 74 68 65 20 49 45 54 46 20 69 6e 74 65 6e o the IETF inten
032 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 ded by the Contr
048 69 62 75 74 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 20 70 75 62 6c 69 ibutor for publi
064 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 72 cation as all or
080 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 49 45 54 46 part of an IETF
096 20 49 6e 74 65 72 6e 65 74 2d 44 72 61 66 74 20 Internet-Draft
112 6f 72 20 52 46 43 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6e 79 20 73 or RFC and any s
128 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6d 61 64 65 20 77 69 tatement made wi
144 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 78 74 thin the context
160 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 49 45 54 46 20 61 63 74 69 of an IETF acti
176 76 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 vity is consider
192 65 64 20 61 6e 20 22 49 45 54 46 20 43 6f 6e 74 ed an "IETF Cont
208 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 22 2e 20 53 75 63 68 20 ribution". Such
224 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 statements inclu
240 64 65 20 6f 72 61 6c 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e de oral statemen
256 74 73 20 69 6e 20 49 45 54 46 20 73 65 73 73 69 ts in IETF sessi
272 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 ons, as well as
288 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6c 65 63 written and elec
304 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 tronic communica
320 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 74 20 61 6e tions made at an
336 79 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 72 20 70 6c 61 63 65 2c y time or place,
352 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 61 64 64 72 65 which are addre
368 73 73 65 64 20 74 6f ssed to
Tag:
000 36 e5 f6 b5 c5 e0 60 70 f0 ef ca 96 22 7a 86 3e 6.....`p...."z.>
Test Vector #3:
==============
One-time Poly1305 Key:
000 36 e5 f6 b5 c5 e0 60 70 f0 ef ca 96 22 7a 86 3e 6.....`p...."z.>
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 37]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Text to MAC:
000 41 6e 79 20 73 75 62 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 Any submission t
016 6f 20 74 68 65 20 49 45 54 46 20 69 6e 74 65 6e o the IETF inten
032 64 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 72 ded by the Contr
048 69 62 75 74 6f 72 20 66 6f 72 20 70 75 62 6c 69 ibutor for publi
064 63 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f 72 cation as all or
080 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 49 45 54 46 part of an IETF
096 20 49 6e 74 65 72 6e 65 74 2d 44 72 61 66 74 20 Internet-Draft
112 6f 72 20 52 46 43 20 61 6e 64 20 61 6e 79 20 73 or RFC and any s
128 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6d 61 64 65 20 77 69 tatement made wi
144 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 74 65 78 74 thin the context
160 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 49 45 54 46 20 61 63 74 69 of an IETF acti
176 76 69 74 79 20 69 73 20 63 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 vity is consider
192 65 64 20 61 6e 20 22 49 45 54 46 20 43 6f 6e 74 ed an "IETF Cont
208 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 22 2e 20 53 75 63 68 20 ribution". Such
224 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 statements inclu
240 64 65 20 6f 72 61 6c 20 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e de oral statemen
256 74 73 20 69 6e 20 49 45 54 46 20 73 65 73 73 69 ts in IETF sessi
272 6f 6e 73 2c 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 20 ons, as well as
288 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 65 6c 65 63 written and elec
304 74 72 6f 6e 69 63 20 63 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 tronic communica
320 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 6d 61 64 65 20 61 74 20 61 6e tions made at an
336 79 20 74 69 6d 65 20 6f 72 20 70 6c 61 63 65 2c y time or place,
352 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 61 72 65 20 61 64 64 72 65 which are addre
368 73 73 65 64 20 74 6f ssed to
Tag:
000 f3 47 7e 7c d9 54 17 af 89 a6 b8 79 4c 31 0c f0 .G~|.T.....yL1..
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 38]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Test Vector #4:
==============
One-time Poly1305 Key:
000 1c 92 40 a5 eb 55 d3 8a f3 33 88 86 04 f6 b5 f0 ..@..U...3......
016 47 39 17 c1 40 2b 80 09 9d ca 5c bc 20 70 75 c0 G9..@+....\. pu.
Text to MAC:
000 27 54 77 61 73 20 62 72 69 6c 6c 69 67 2c 20 61 'Twas brillig, a
016 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 6c 69 74 68 79 20 74 6f nd the slithy to
032 76 65 73 0a 44 69 64 20 67 79 72 65 20 61 6e 64 ves.Did gyre and
048 20 67 69 6d 62 6c 65 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 77 gimble in the w
064 61 62 65 3a 0a 41 6c 6c 20 6d 69 6d 73 79 20 77 abe:.All mimsy w
080 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f 72 6f 67 6f 76 65 ere the borogove
096 73 2c 0a 41 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 6d 65 20 s,.And the mome
112 72 61 74 68 73 20 6f 75 74 67 72 61 62 65 2e raths outgrabe.
Tag:
000 45 41 66 9a 7e aa ee 61 e7 08 dc 7c bc c5 eb 62 EAf.~..a...|...b
Test Vector #5: If one uses 130-bit partial reduction, does the code
handle the case where partially reduced final result is not fully
reduced?
R:
02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
data:
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
tag:
03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Test Vector #6: What happens if addition of s overflows modulo 2^128?
R:
02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
data:
02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
tag:
03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 39]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Test Vector #7: What happens if data limb is all ones and there is
carry from lower limb?
R:
01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
data:
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
F0 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
11 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
tag:
05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Test Vector #8: What happens if final result from polynomial part is
exactly 2^130-5?
R:
01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
data:
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
FB FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE FE
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
tag:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Test Vector #9: What happens if final result from polynomial part is
exactly 2^130-6?
R:
02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
data:
FD FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
tag:
FA FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 40]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Test Vector #10: What happens if 5*H+L-type reduction produces
131-bit intermediate result?
R:
01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
data:
E3 35 94 D7 50 5E 43 B9 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
33 94 D7 50 5E 43 79 CD 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
tag:
14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Test Vector #11: What happens if 5*H+L-type reduction produces
131-bit final result?
R:
01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
S:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
data:
E3 35 94 D7 50 5E 43 B9 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
33 94 D7 50 5E 43 79 CD 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
tag:
13 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
A.4. Poly1305 Key Generation Using ChaCha20
Test Vector #1:
==============
The ChaCha20 Key:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
The nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ............
Poly1305 one-time key:
000 76 b8 e0 ad a0 f1 3d 90 40 5d 6a e5 53 86 bd 28 v.....=.@]j.S..(
016 bd d2 19 b8 a0 8d ed 1a a8 36 ef cc 8b 77 0d c7 .........6...w..
Nir & Langley Informational [Page 41]
RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Test Vector #2:
==============
The ChaCha20 Key
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 ................
The nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 ............
Poly1305 one-time key:
000 ec fa 25 4f 84 5f 64 74 73 d3 cb 14 0d a9 e8 76 ..%O._dts......v
016 06 cb 33 06 6c 44 7b 87 bc 26 66 dd e3 fb b7 39 ..3.lD{..&f....9
Test Vector #3:
==============
The ChaCha20 Key
000 1c 92 40 a5 eb 55 d3 8a f3 33 88 86 04 f6 b5 f0 ..@..U...3......
016 47 39 17 c1 40 2b 80 09 9d ca 5c bc 20 70 75 c0 G9..@+....\. pu.
The nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 ............
Poly1305 one-time key:
000 96 5e 3b c6 f9 ec 7e d9 56 08 08 f4 d2 29 f9 4b .^;...~.V....).K
016 13 7f f2 75 ca 9b 3f cb dd 59 de aa d2 33 10 ae ...u..?..Y...3..
A.5. ChaCha20-Poly1305 AEAD Decryption
Below we see decrypting a message. We receive a ciphertext, a nonce,
and a tag. We know the key. We will check the tag and then
(assuming that it validates) decrypt the ciphertext. In this
particular protocol, we'll assume that there is no padding of the
plaintext.
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RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
The ChaCha20 Key
000 1c 92 40 a5 eb 55 d3 8a f3 33 88 86 04 f6 b5 f0 ..@..U...3......
016 47 39 17 c1 40 2b 80 09 9d ca 5c bc 20 70 75 c0 G9..@+....\. pu.
Ciphertext:
000 64 a0 86 15 75 86 1a f4 60 f0 62 c7 9b e6 43 bd d...u...`.b...C.
016 5e 80 5c fd 34 5c f3 89 f1 08 67 0a c7 6c 8c b2 ^.\.4\....g..l..
032 4c 6c fc 18 75 5d 43 ee a0 9e e9 4e 38 2d 26 b0 Ll..u]C....N8-&.
048 bd b7 b7 3c 32 1b 01 00 d4 f0 3b 7f 35 58 94 cf ...<2.....;.5X..
064 33 2f 83 0e 71 0b 97 ce 98 c8 a8 4a bd 0b 94 81 3/..q......J....
080 14 ad 17 6e 00 8d 33 bd 60 f9 82 b1 ff 37 c8 55 ...n..3.`....7.U
096 97 97 a0 6e f4 f0 ef 61 c1 86 32 4e 2b 35 06 38 ...n...a..2N+5.8
112 36 06 90 7b 6a 7c 02 b0 f9 f6 15 7b 53 c8 67 e4 6..{j|.....{S.g.
128 b9 16 6c 76 7b 80 4d 46 a5 9b 52 16 cd e7 a4 e9 ..lv{.MF..R.....
144 90 40 c5 a4 04 33 22 5e e2 82 a1 b0 a0 6c 52 3e .@...3"^.....lR>
160 af 45 34 d7 f8 3f a1 15 5b 00 47 71 8c bc 54 6a .E4..?..[.Gq..Tj
176 0d 07 2b 04 b3 56 4e ea 1b 42 22 73 f5 48 27 1a ..+..VN..B"s.H'.
192 0b b2 31 60 53 fa 76 99 19 55 eb d6 31 59 43 4e ..1`S.v..U..1YCN
208 ce bb 4e 46 6d ae 5a 10 73 a6 72 76 27 09 7a 10 ..NFm.Z.s.rv'.z.
224 49 e6 17 d9 1d 36 10 94 fa 68 f0 ff 77 98 71 30 I....6...h..w.q0
240 30 5b ea ba 2e da 04 df 99 7b 71 4d 6c 6f 2c 29 0[.......{qMlo,)
256 a6 ad 5c b4 02 2b 02 70 9b ..\..+.p.
The nonce:
000 00 00 00 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 ............
The AAD:
000 f3 33 88 86 00 00 00 00 00 00 4e 91 .3........N.
Received Tag:
000 ee ad 9d 67 89 0c bb 22 39 23 36 fe a1 85 1f 38 ...g..."9#6....8
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RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
First, we calculate the one-time Poly1305 key
ChaCha state with key setup
61707865 3320646e 79622d32 6b206574
a540921c 8ad355eb 868833f3 f0b5f604
c1173947 09802b40 bc5cca9d c0757020
00000000 00000000 04030201 08070605
ChaCha state after 20 rounds
a94af0bd 89dee45c b64bb195 afec8fa1
508f4726 63f554c0 1ea2c0db aa721526
11b1e514 a0bacc0f 828a6015 d7825481
e8a4a850 d9dcbbd6 4c2de33a f8ccd912
out bytes:
bd:f0:4a:a9:5c:e4:de:89:95:b1:4b:b6:a1:8f:ec:af:
26:47:8f:50:c0:54:f5:63:db:c0:a2:1e:26:15:72:aa
Poly1305 one-time key:
000 bd f0 4a a9 5c e4 de 89 95 b1 4b b6 a1 8f ec af ..J.\.....K.....
016 26 47 8f 50 c0 54 f5 63 db c0 a2 1e 26 15 72 aa &G.P.T.c....&.r.
Next, we construct the AEAD buffer
Poly1305 Input:
000 f3 33 88 86 00 00 00 00 00 00 4e 91 00 00 00 00 .3........N.....
016 64 a0 86 15 75 86 1a f4 60 f0 62 c7 9b e6 43 bd d...u...`.b...C.
032 5e 80 5c fd 34 5c f3 89 f1 08 67 0a c7 6c 8c b2 ^.\.4\....g..l..
048 4c 6c fc 18 75 5d 43 ee a0 9e e9 4e 38 2d 26 b0 Ll..u]C....N8-&.
064 bd b7 b7 3c 32 1b 01 00 d4 f0 3b 7f 35 58 94 cf ...<2.....;.5X..
080 33 2f 83 0e 71 0b 97 ce 98 c8 a8 4a bd 0b 94 81 3/..q......J....
096 14 ad 17 6e 00 8d 33 bd 60 f9 82 b1 ff 37 c8 55 ...n..3.`....7.U
112 97 97 a0 6e f4 f0 ef 61 c1 86 32 4e 2b 35 06 38 ...n...a..2N+5.8
128 36 06 90 7b 6a 7c 02 b0 f9 f6 15 7b 53 c8 67 e4 6..{j|.....{S.g.
144 b9 16 6c 76 7b 80 4d 46 a5 9b 52 16 cd e7 a4 e9 ..lv{.MF..R.....
160 90 40 c5 a4 04 33 22 5e e2 82 a1 b0 a0 6c 52 3e .@...3"^.....lR>
176 af 45 34 d7 f8 3f a1 15 5b 00 47 71 8c bc 54 6a .E4..?..[.Gq..Tj
192 0d 07 2b 04 b3 56 4e ea 1b 42 22 73 f5 48 27 1a ..+..VN..B"s.H'.
208 0b b2 31 60 53 fa 76 99 19 55 eb d6 31 59 43 4e ..1`S.v..U..1YCN
224 ce bb 4e 46 6d ae 5a 10 73 a6 72 76 27 09 7a 10 ..NFm.Z.s.rv'.z.
240 49 e6 17 d9 1d 36 10 94 fa 68 f0 ff 77 98 71 30 I....6...h..w.q0
256 30 5b ea ba 2e da 04 df 99 7b 71 4d 6c 6f 2c 29 0[.......{qMlo,)
272 a6 ad 5c b4 02 2b 02 70 9b 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ..\..+.p........
288 0c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 09 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
We calculate the Poly1305 tag and find that it matches
Calculated Tag:
000 ee ad 9d 67 89 0c bb 22 39 23 36 fe a1 85 1f 38 ...g..."9#6....8
Finally, we decrypt the ciphertext
Plaintext::
000 49 6e 74 65 72 6e 65 74 2d 44 72 61 66 74 73 20 Internet-Drafts
016 61 72 65 20 64 72 61 66 74 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 are draft docume
032 6e 74 73 20 76 61 6c 69 64 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 nts valid for a
048 6d 61 78 69 6d 75 6d 20 6f 66 20 73 69 78 20 6d maximum of six m
064 6f 6e 74 68 73 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 onths and may be
080 20 75 70 64 61 74 65 64 2c 20 72 65 70 6c 61 63 updated, replac
096 65 64 2c 20 6f 72 20 6f 62 73 6f 6c 65 74 65 64 ed, or obsoleted
112 20 62 79 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 by other docume
128 6e 74 73 20 61 74 20 61 6e 79 20 74 69 6d 65 2e nts at any time.
144 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 69 6e 61 70 70 72 6f 70 72 It is inappropr
160 69 61 74 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 49 6e 74 65 iate to use Inte
176 72 6e 65 74 2d 44 72 61 66 74 73 20 61 73 20 72 rnet-Drafts as r
192 65 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 6d 61 74 65 72 69 61 eference materia
208 6c 20 6f 72 20 74 6f 20 63 69 74 65 20 74 68 65 l or to cite the
224 6d 20 6f 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 61 6e 20 61 73 20 m other than as
240 2f e2 80 9c 77 6f 72 6b 20 69 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 /...work in prog
256 72 65 73 73 2e 2f e2 80 9d ress./...
Appendix B. Performance Measurements of ChaCha20
The following measurements were made by Adam Langley for a blog post
published on February 27th, 2014. The original blog post was
available at the time of this writing at
.
+----------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
| Chip | AES-128-GCM | ChaCha20-Poly1305 |
+----------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
| OMAP 4460 | 24.1 MB/s | 75.3 MB/s |
| Snapdragon S4 Pro | 41.5 MB/s | 130.9 MB/s |
| Sandy Bridge Xeon (AES-NI) | 900 MB/s | 500 MB/s |
+----------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
Table 1: Speed Comparison
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RFC 8439 ChaCha20 & Poly1305 June 2018
Acknowledgements
ChaCha20 and Poly1305 were invented by Daniel J. Bernstein. The AEAD
construction and the method of creating the one-time Poly1305 key
were invented by Adam Langley.
Thanks to Robert Ransom, Watson Ladd, Stefan Buhler, Dan Harkins, and
Kenny Paterson for their helpful comments and explanations. Thanks
to Niels Moller for suggesting the more efficient AEAD construction
in this document. Special thanks to Ilari Liusvaara for providing
extra test vectors, helpful comments, and for being the first to
attempt an implementation from this document. Thanks to Sean
Parkinson for suggesting improvements to the examples and the
pseudocode. Thanks to David Ireland for pointing out a bug in the
pseudocode, and to Stephen Farrell and Alyssa Rowan for pointing out
missing advise in the security considerations.
Special thanks goes to Gordon Procter for performing a security
analysis of the composition and publishing [Procter].
Jim Schaad and John Mattson provided feedback on tag truncation, and
Russ Housley, Stanislav Smyshlyaev, and John Mattson each provided a
review of this version.
Authors' Addresses
Yoav Nir
Dell EMC
9 Andrei Sakharov St
Haifa 3190500
Israel
Email: ynir.ietf@gmail.com
Adam Langley
Google, Inc.
Email: agl@google.com
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