Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men
- PMID: 15159266
- DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.10.1092
Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men
Abstract
Background: The metabolic syndrome is a prevalent condition that carries with it an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality.
Objective: To determine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality in healthy men and in those with the metabolic syndrome.
Methods: The sample included 19 223 men, aged 20 to 83 years, who received a clinical evaluation between 1979 and 1995 with mortality follow-up through December 31, 1996. There were 15 466 healthy men (80.5%) and 3757 men with the metabolic syndrome (19.5%).
Results: A total of 480 deaths (161 due to CVD) occurred during 196 298 man-years of follow-up. After adjustment for age, year of examination, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and parental CVD, the relative risks (RRs) (95% confidence interval) of all-cause and CVD mortality were 1.29 (1.05-1.57) and 1.89 (1.36-2.60), respectively, for men with the metabolic syndrome compared with healthy men. After the inclusion of CRF, the associations were not significant. The RRs comparing unfit with fit men for all-cause mortality were 2.18 (1.66-2.87) in healthy men and 2.01 (1.38-2.93) in men with the metabolic syndrome, whereas the RRs for CVD mortality for unfit vs fit men were 3.21 (2.03-5.07) in healthy men and 2.25 (1.27-3.97) in men with the metabolic syndrome. A significant dose-response relationship between CRF and mortality was also observed in men with the metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: In this sample, CRF provided a strong protective effect against all-cause and CVD mortality in healthy men and men with the metabolic syndrome.
Similar articles
-
Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis.Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Jan-Feb;56(4):382-90. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.002. Epub 2013 Oct 11. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014. PMID: 24438729 Review.
-
The effects of pre-disease risk factors within metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Oct;82(1):148-56. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.07.016. Epub 2008 Aug 30. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008. PMID: 18757109
-
Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes.Arch Intern Med. 2005 Oct 10;165(18):2114-20. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.18.2114. Arch Intern Med. 2005. PMID: 16217001
-
Revised Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines and cardiovascular disease mortality in men attending a preventive medical clinic.Circulation. 2005 Sep 6;112(10):1478-85. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548198. Epub 2005 Aug 29. Circulation. 2005. PMID: 16129792
-
[Drinking water hardness and chronic degenerative diseases. II. Cardiovascular diseases].Ann Ig. 2003 Jan-Feb;15(1):41-56. Ann Ig. 2003. PMID: 12666324 Review. Italian.
Cited by
-
Dose-response relationship between 15 weeks of running and aerobic fitness: a retrospective analysis based on the fun running program.BMC Public Health. 2024 Apr 12;24(1):1019. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18484-z. BMC Public Health. 2024. PMID: 38609934 Free PMC article.
-
Fitness attenuates long-term cardiovascular outcomes in women with ischemic heart disease and metabolic syndrome.Am J Prev Cardiol. 2023 Apr 23;14:100498. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100498. eCollection 2023 Jun. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2023. PMID: 37181803 Free PMC article.
-
Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.J Int Med Res. 2023 Mar;51(3):3000605231164548. doi: 10.1177/03000605231164548. J Int Med Res. 2023. PMID: 36994866 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Analysis of health-related, skill-related physical strength, and physique by blood pressure levels of Korean seniors.PLoS One. 2022 Dec 30;17(12):e0279264. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279264. eCollection 2022. PLoS One. 2022. PMID: 36584236 Free PMC article.
-
The Effects of Standardised versus Individualised Aerobic Exercise Prescription on Fitness-Fatness Index in Sedentary Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial.J Sports Sci Med. 2022 Sep 1;21(3):347-355. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2022.347. eCollection 2022 Sep. J Sports Sci Med. 2022. PMID: 36157386 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.