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. 2014 Dec 12;11(12):13047-64.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph111213047. Print 2014 Dec.

Urinary concentrations of toxic and essential trace elements among rural residents in Hainan Island, China

Yosuke Inoue  1 , Masahiro Umezaki  2 , Hongwei Jiang  3 , Dandan Li  4 , Jianwei Du  5 , Yuming Jin  6 , Bin Yang  7 , Bai Li  8 , Yufeng Li  9 , Chiho Watanabe  10
Affiliations

Urinary concentrations of toxic and essential trace elements among rural residents in Hainan Island, China

Yosuke Inoue et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Toxic element exposure and essential trace element consumption may have changed after the Chinese economy transformed to a market-oriented system. The objectives of this study were to measure urinary concentrations of toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead) and essential trace (selenium, zinc, copper) elements among rural residents in Hainan, China and to examine if variations in economic development are linked to differences in toxic and trace element exposure.

Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based survey and undertook anthropometric measurements of residents aged ≥20 years (n = 599). Urinary samples were collected and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results: The median (μg/g creatinine) element concentrations were: arsenic, 73.2; cadmium, 1.8; lead, 3.1; selenium, 36.5; zinc, 371; and copper, 11.0. Intra-community variation in element concentrations was explained by age (arsenic, cadmium, zinc and copper), sex (arsenic, cadmium and selenium: higher in females; zinc: higher in males), body mass index (cadmium) and individual involvement in the market economy as indexed by agrochemical use (lead and selenium). The degree of community-level economic development, which was determined by the proportion of people living in better housing among the study communities, was positively associated with cadmium concentration.

Conclusions: The degree of community-level economic development was positively associated with urinary cadmium concentration while individual involvement in the market economy was positively associated with lead and selenium.

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Map of Hainan Island.
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