Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria

doi:10.1007/s00253-021-11357-0

Review

. 2021 Jun;105(11):4357-4367.

doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11357-0. Epub 2021 May 22.

Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria

Kai Xia¹, Jiawen Ma^{1

2}, Xinle Liang^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
² Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
³ School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. dbiot@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn.
⁴ Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. dbiot@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn.

PMID: 34021811
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11357-0

Review

Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria

Kai Xia et al. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Jun.

. 2021 Jun;105(11):4357-4367.

doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11357-0. Epub 2021 May 22.

Authors

Kai Xia¹, Jiawen Ma^{1

2}, Xinle Liang^{3

4}

Affiliations

¹ School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
² Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
³ School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. dbiot@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn.
⁴ Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China. dbiot@mail.zjgsu.edu.cn.

PMID: 34021811
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11357-0

Abstract

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative and strictly aerobic microorganisms widely used in vinegar industry, especially the species belonging to the genera Acetobacter and Komagataeibacter. The environments inhabited by AAB during the vinegar fermentation, in particular those natural traditional bioprocesses, are complex and dynamically changed, usually accompanied by diverse microorganisms, bacteriophages, and the increasing acetic acid concentration. For this reason, how AAB survive to such harsh niches has always been an interesting research field. Previous omic analyses (e.g., genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics) have provided abundant clues for the metabolic pathways and bioprocesses indispensable for the acid stress adaptation of AAB. Nevertheless, it is far from fully understanding what factors regulate these modular mechanisms overtly and covertly upon shifting environments. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS), usually consisting of a pair of genes encoding a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin that is capable of counteracting the toxin, have been uncovered to have a variety of biological functions. Recent studies focusing on the role of TAS in Acetobacter pasteurianus suggest that TAS contribute substantially to the acid stress resistance. In this mini review, we discuss the biological functions of type II TAS in the context of AAB with regard to the acid stress resistance, persister formation and resuscitation, genome stability, and phage immunity. KEY POINTS: • Type II TAS act as regulators in the acid stress resistance of AAB. • Type II TAS are implicated in the formation of acid-tolerant persister cells in AAB. • Type II TAS are potential factors responsible for phage immunity and genome stability.

Keywords: Acetobacter pasteurianus; Acid stress resistance; Genome stability; Persister; Phage.

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References

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[1] Agyirifo DS, Wamalwa M, Otwe EP, Galyuon I, Runo S, Takrama J, Ngeranwa J (2019) Metagenomics analysis of cocoa bean fermentation microbiome identifying species diversity and putative functional capabilities. Heliyon 5:e02170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02170 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[2] Agyirifo DS, Wamalwa M, Otwe EP, Galyuon I, Runo S, Takrama J, Ngeranwa J (2019) Metagenomics analysis of cocoa bean fermentation microbiome identifying species diversity and putative functional capabilities. Heliyon 5:e02170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02170 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[3] Ai M, Qiu X, Huang J, Wu C, Jin Y, Zhou R (2019) Characterizing the microbial diversity and major metabolites of Sichuan bran vinegar augmented by Monascus purpureus. Int J Food Microbiol 292:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.008 - DOI - PubMed

[4] Ai M, Qiu X, Huang J, Wu C, Jin Y, Zhou R (2019) Characterizing the microbial diversity and major metabolites of Sichuan bran vinegar augmented by Monascus purpureus. Int J Food Microbiol 292:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.008 - DOI - PubMed

[5] Anantharaman V, Makarova KS, Burroughs AM, Koonin EV, Aravind L (2013) Comprehensive analysis of the HEPN superfamily: identification of novel roles in intra-genomic conflicts, defense, pathogenesis and RNA processing. Biol Direct 8:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-8-15 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[6] Anantharaman V, Makarova KS, Burroughs AM, Koonin EV, Aravind L (2013) Comprehensive analysis of the HEPN superfamily: identification of novel roles in intra-genomic conflicts, defense, pathogenesis and RNA processing. Biol Direct 8:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6150-8-15 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[7] Andres-Barrao C, Falquet L, Calderon-Copete SP, Descombes P, Ortega Perez R, Barja F (2011) Genome sequences of the high-acetic acid-resistant bacteria Gluconacetobacter europaeus LMG 18890T and G. europaeus LMG 18494 (reference strains), G. europaeus 5P3, and Gluconacetobacter oboediens 174Bp2 (isolated from vinegar). J Bacteriol 193:2670–2671. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00229-11 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[8] Andres-Barrao C, Falquet L, Calderon-Copete SP, Descombes P, Ortega Perez R, Barja F (2011) Genome sequences of the high-acetic acid-resistant bacteria Gluconacetobacter europaeus LMG 18890T and G. europaeus LMG 18494 (reference strains), G. europaeus 5P3, and Gluconacetobacter oboediens 174Bp2 (isolated from vinegar). J Bacteriol 193:2670–2671. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00229-11 - DOI - PubMed - PMC

[9] Andrés-Barrao C, Saad MM, Chappuis M-L, Boffa M, Perret X, Ortega Pérez R, Barja F (2012) Proteome analysis of Acetobacter pasteurianus during acetic acid fermentation. J Proteome 75:1701–1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.027 - DOI

[10] Andrés-Barrao C, Saad MM, Chappuis M-L, Boffa M, Perret X, Ortega Pérez R, Barja F (2012) Proteome analysis of Acetobacter pasteurianus during acetic acid fermentation. J Proteome 75:1701–1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.027 - DOI

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Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria

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Impacts of type II toxin-antitoxin systems on cell physiology and environmental behavior in acetic acid bacteria

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