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Review
. 2022 Dec;66(23):e2200167.
doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202200167. Epub 2022 Oct 19.

Spicy Food and Chili Peppers and Multiple Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review

Zhimin Ao  1 , Zongyue Huang  1   2 , Hong Liu  1
Affiliations
Review

Spicy Food and Chili Peppers and Multiple Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review

Zhimin Ao et al. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2022 Dec.

Abstract

Spicy foods and chili peppers contain the primary ingredient capsaicin, which has potential health benefits. However, their efficacy in some health outcomes is also fiercely disputed, and some side effects have been confirmed. To assess the quality and strength of the associations between spicy food and chili pepper consumption and different health outcomes. An umbrella review is performed in humans. Eleven systematic reviews and meta-analyses with a total of 27 findings are identified. The health effect of consuming spicy food and chili peppers is unclear. Furthermore, the characteristics and context of different world regions and populations should be carefully considered. Direct correlations exist in esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and gallbladder cancer. However, negative connections are reported in metabolism, mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Dose-response analysis reveals a significant nonlinear relationship between gastric cancer risk and capsaicin intake. The consumption of spicy foods and chili peppers is typically safe. However, high-quality proof is available to confirm this conclusion.

Keywords: capsicum consumption; health; meta-analysis; spicy food consumption; uvmbrella review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the selection process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map of outcomes related to spicy food and chili pepper consumption.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Summary of AMSTAR and GRADE classification of spicy food and chili pepper consumption on benefit and harm outcomes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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