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. 2024 Mar 25;13(7):950.
doi: 10.3390/plants13070950.

Identification, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Gene Expression Patterns of the ACP Gene Family in Responding to Salt Stress in Brassica Genus

Fang Qian  1 , Dan Zuo  1 , Tuo Zeng  1 , Lei Gu  1 , Hongcheng Wang  1 , Xuye Du  1 , Bin Zhu  1 , Jing Ou  2
Affiliations

Identification, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Gene Expression Patterns of the ACP Gene Family in Responding to Salt Stress in Brassica Genus

Fang Qian et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) have been reported to play a crucial role in responding to biotic and abiotic stresses, regulating growth and development. However, the biological function of the ACP gene family in the Brassica genus has been limited until now. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and identified a total of 120 ACP genes across six species in the Brassica genus. Among these, there were 27, 26, and 30 ACP genes in the allotetraploid B. napus, B. juncea, and B. carinata, respectively, and 14, 13, and 10 ACP genes in the diploid B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. nigra, respectively. These ACP genes were further classified into six subclades, each containing conserved motifs and domains. Interestingly, the majority of ACP genes exhibited high conservation among the six species, suggesting that the genome evolution and polyploidization processes had relatively minor effects on the ACP gene family. The duplication modes of the six Brassica species were diverse, and the expansion of most ACPs in Brassica occurred primarily through dispersed duplication (DSD) events. Furthermore, most of the ACP genes were under purifying selection during the process of evolution. Subcellular localization experiments demonstrated that ACP genes in Brassica species are localized in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that most of the ACP genes were associated with various abiotic stresses. Additionally, RNA-seq data revealed differential expression levels of BnaACP genes across various tissues in B. napus, with particularly high expression in seeds and buds. qRT-PCR analysis further indicated that BnaACP genes play a significant role in salt stress tolerance. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of ACP genes in Brassica plants and will facilitate further functional analysis of these genes.

Keywords: Brassica; Brassica napus; acyl carrier proteins; gene expression; gene family.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Subcellular localization of two BnaACP proteins in tobacco. Chloroplast: chloroplast auto-fluorescence; MT-mcherry: mitochondria-specific marker-labelled recombinant plasmid. Scale bar = 50 μm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic tree of ACP family proteins from Arabidopsis and six Brassica species. Red star, blue circle, red checkmark, red right pointing triangle, blue left pointing triangle, blue star, and blue rectangle represent ACP family proteins from Arabidopsis, B. carinata, B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, and B. rapa, respectively.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Detailed structure of ACP family proteins in six cultivated species of Brassica. (a) Phylogenetic tree, (b) conserved motif, (c) conserved domain, (d) gene structure.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chromosome distribution of ACP genes in B. napus. Chromosomes without ACP gene distribution (A06, A10, and C08) are not shown. The different colours on the chromosomes represent the gene density.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The prediction results of the cis-acting elements of the ACP gene family in Brassica. (a) Promoter elements of all ACP genes in each species. (b) Classification of all promoter elements in six species. (c–f) Details of all promoter classifications.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Collinearity analysis of ACP genes in six Brassica species.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The Ka/Ks values of ACP genes in six Brassica species. (a) Analysis of intraspecific Ka/Ks ratios. (b) Frequency distribution of the Ka/Ks values. (c) Analysis of interspecies Ka/Ks ratios.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Expression patterns of the BnaACP genes under salt stress. The expression level of BnaACP genes in leaves and roots after 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h of treatment with salt stress.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The relative expression of BnaACP genes under salt stress treatment. * and ** indicate significant differences at the 5% and 1% level by t-test. ns indicates not significant by t-test.
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