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. 2024 Jun 8;14(1):13192.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64129-x.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Zanthoxylum bungeanum residue and their allelopathic mechanism on Microcystis aeruginosa

Jie Cheng #  1   2 , Chengshuai Xu #  3 , Yang Sun #  3 , Qiuhan Yu  3 , Shuo Ding  3 , Yucai Wang  3 , Wenxue Wei  4 , Wei Xu  3 , Chaobo Zhang  5   6 , Donghui Gong  7
Affiliations

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Zanthoxylum bungeanum residue and their allelopathic mechanism on Microcystis aeruginosa

Jie Cheng et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Water eutrophication has emerged as a pressing concern for massive algal blooms, and these harmful blooms can potentially generate harmful toxins, which can detrimentally impact the aquatic environment and human health. Consequently, it is imperative to identify a safe and efficient approach to combat algal blooms to safeguard the ecological safety of water. This study aimed to investigate the procedure for extracting total flavonoids from Z. bungeanum residue and assess its antioxidant properties. The most favorable parameters for extracting total flavonoids from Z. bungeanum residue were a liquid-solid ratio (LSR) of 20 mL/g, a solvent concentration of 60%, an extraction period of 55 min, and an ultrasonic temperature of 80 °C. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic inhibitory mechanism of Z. bungeanum residue extracts against M. aeruginosa was assessed with a particular focus on the concentration-dependent toxicity effect. Z. bungeanum residue extracts damaged the oxygen-evolving complex structure, influenced energy capture and distribution, and inhibited the electron transport of PSII in M. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the enhanced capacity for ROS detoxification enables treated cells to sustain their photosynthetic activity. The findings of this study hold considerable relevance for the ecological management community and offer potential avenues for the practical utilization of resources in controlling algal blooms.

Keywords: Microcystis aeruginosa; Zanthoxylum bungeanum residue; Allelopathic mechanism; Chlorophyll fluorescence; Total flavonoids.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of four independent variables on the extraction yield of Z. bungeanum residue total flavonoids. (A) liquid–solid ratio; (B) extraction time; (C) ethanol concentrations; (D) ultrasonic temperature. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SD.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of total oxidant capacity of Z. bungeanum residue extracts, Butylated hydroxytoluene, and Vitamin C. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chlorophyll a fluorescence OJIP transient curves of M. aeruginosa exposed to (A) 1% Ethanol and (B) three Z. bungeanum residue extract levels for 1 h. The transients are plotted on a logarithmic time scale. The marks indicate the time points used in the JIP-test for the calculation of structural and functional parameters. The signals are the fluorescence intensity O (at 20 μs), K (at 300 μs), J (at 2 ms), I (at 30 ms), and P (at the time of the maximal fluorescence intensity). Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Wk value of M. aeruginosa exposed to three Z. bungeanum residue extract levels. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Z. bungeanum residue extracts influenced the energy capture of PSII. (A) Ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and (B) performance index on absorption basis (PIabs) under different Z. bungeanum residue extract treatments. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SE. Different letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Z. bungeanum residue extracts influenced the energy distribution of PSII. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the reaction center of M. aeruginosa cultured in the presence of different Z. bungeanum residue extract concentrations. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SE. Different letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Z. bungeanum residue extracts inhibited the electron transport of PSII. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Comparison of total oxidant capacity of M. aeruginosa cells under different Z. bungeanum residue extract concentrations. Values represent the mean of three independent measurements (n = 3) and bars indicate SD. Different letters indicate a significant difference at the 0.05 level (P < 0.05, Duncan's multiple range test).
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