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. 2024 May 21;29(11):2412.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29112412.

Green Extraction of Polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of Bioactivity

Lu Li  1   2 , Jingjing Lv  1   2 , Xiaoqin Wang  1   2 , Xiujun Li  1   2 , Dongqi Guo  1   2 , Liling Wang  1   2 , Na Zhang  1   2 , Qinghua Jia  3
Affiliations

Green Extraction of Polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of Bioactivity

Lu Li et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

In the study, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) were used as alternatives to traditional chemical solvents for the extraction of polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Nine NADESs were tested for the first time and compared with ethanol and water (traditional solvents) regarding the extraction of phenolic compounds from E. angustifolia L. These solvents were particularly effective at extracting polyphenols, whose low water solubility usually requires high amounts of organic solvents. The solvent based on choline chloride and malonic acid provided optimal results and was selected for further optimization. The effects of material-to-liquid ratio, ultrasound time, and ultrasound temperature on the extraction efficiency were studied through single-factor experiments. These parameters were optimized by Box-Behnken design using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions identified were 49.86 g/mL of material-to-liquid ratio, 31.10 min of ultrasound time, and 62.35 °C of ultrasound temperature, resulting in a high yield of 140.30 ± 0.19 mg/g. The results indicated that the NADES extraction technique provided a higher yield than the conventional extraction process. The antioxidant activity of the extract of polyphenols from E. angustifolia L. was determined, and UPLC-IMS-QTOF-MS was used to analyze the phenolic compounds in it. The results revealed that the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) extracted by NADES was higher than that of polyphenols extracted by water and ethanol. Furthermore, a total of 24 phenolic compounds were identified in the extract. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which a green and efficient NADES extraction method has been used to extract bioactive polyphenols from E. angustifolia L., which could provide potential value in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food additives.

Keywords: Elaeagnus angustifolia L.; UPLC–IMS–QTOF–MS; green extraction; natural deep eutectic solvent; polyphenols.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of different NADES, ethanol, and water on the extraction yield. (Different letters represent significant differences, p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Impact of various operating parameters on total phenolic content (TPC): material-to-liquid ratio (A), ultrasound time (B), and ultrasound temperature (C). (Different letters represent significant differences, p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Results of the RSM. (A) Material-to-liquid ratio–ultrasound time. (B) Material-to-liquid ratio–ultrasound temperature. (C) Ultrasound time–ultrasound temperature, and their contour plots.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scavenging rates of DPPH and ABTS by NADES, ethanol, and water extraction of polyphenols from E. angustifolia L. under the same conditions. (Different letters represent significant differences, p < 0.05).
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