This study evaluates the effects of military expenditures (MEX) on environmental pollution,
as well as the moderating role of factors such as financial development and technological …

Following the rising wave of terrorism in Africa, particularly in the last decade, this study
investigated the effect of terrorism on economic complexity in the region as well as the …

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have been found to positively impact citizens' quality
of life in a country. However, the ways in which a country's military spending moderates this …

This study used secondary data from World Development Indicators to examine the
implication of the Russia-Ukraine war on Trade relations and Foreign Direct Investment …

It is typically argued that civil war acutely inhibits inward flows of foreign direct investment
(FDI). However, the evidence is inconsistent and does not support the assumed negative …

What factors contribute to the differences in foreign direct investment (FDI) levels in
environments characterized as high risk? While research shows that armed conflict …

The academic journal Defence and Peace Economics, which celebrated its pearl jubilee in
2024, is acknowledged as the leading journal in defense economics, bringing together a …

We examine the relationship between armed conflict and foreign direct investment (FDI) in
host countries. With data from 113 nations from 1984 to 2014, system GMM and macro …

Using a panel of 43 economies between 1985 and 2022, this paper establishes a link
between FDI inflows and geopolitical risk. We distinguish the idiosyncratic component of …

This study assesses the impact of militarization, industrialization, technological innovation,
and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in NATO countries, divided into" …