Journal Description
Eng
Eng
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all areas of engineering, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, EBSCO and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Economic, Societal, and Environmental Impacts of Available Energy Sources: A Review
Eng 2024, 5(3), 1232-1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030067 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024
Abstract
The impacts that the available energy sources have had on society, the environment, and the economy have become a focus of attention in recent years, generating polarization of opinions. Understanding these impacts is crucial for rational evaluation and the development of strategies for
[...] Read more.
The impacts that the available energy sources have had on society, the environment, and the economy have become a focus of attention in recent years, generating polarization of opinions. Understanding these impacts is crucial for rational evaluation and the development of strategies for economic growth and energy security. This review examines such impacts of the main energy resources currently exploited or in development, including fossil fuels, geothermal, biomass, solar, hydropower, hydrogen, nuclear, ocean, and wind energies on society through analysis and comparison. It is essential to consider how high energy demand influences energy prices, the workforce, and the environment and to assess the advantages and disadvantages of each energy source. One significant finding from this review is that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) may vary substantially depending on the energy source used and show substantial ranges for different applications of the same energy source. Nuclear energy has the lowest LCOE range whereas ocean energy has the highest LCOE range among the nine energy sources considered. Fossil fuels were found to have the most substantial societal impacts, which involved on the positive side providing by far the largest number of jobs and highest tax revenues. However, on the negative side, fossil fuels, biomass, and nuclear energy sources pose the most significant health threats and social well-being impacts on communities and societies compared to other energy sources. On the other hand, solar, ocean and wind energy pose the lowest risk in terms of health and safety, with solar and wind also currently providing a substantial number of jobs worldwide. Regarding environmental consequences, fossil fuels generate the highest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have the highest adverse impacts on ecosystems. In contrast, nuclear, ocean, solar and wind energies have the lowest GHG emissions and low to moderate impacts on ecosystems. Biomass, geothermal and hydropower energy sources have moderate to high ecosystem impacts compared to the other energy sources. Hydropower facilities require the most materials (mainly concrete) to build per unit of energy generated, followed by wind and solar energy, which require substantial steel and concrete per unit of energy generated. The lack of substantial materials recycling causes associated with solar and wind energy sources. All the energies that use thermal power generation process consume substantial quantities of water for cooling. The analysis and comparisons provided in this review identified that there is an urgent need to transition away from large-carbon-footprint processes, particularly fossil fuels without carbon capture, and to reduce the consumption of construction materials without recycling, as occurs in many of the existing solar and wind energy plants. This transition can be facilitated by seeking alternative and more widely accessible materials with lower carbon footprints during manufacturing and construction. Implementing such strategies can help mitigate climate change and have a positive impact on community well-being and economic growth.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue GeoEnergy Science and Engineering 2024)
Open AccessArticle
The Issue of Estimating the Maintenance and Operation Costs of Buildings: A Case Study of a School
by
Dino Obradović, Martina Briš Alić and Ksenija Čulo
Eng 2024, 5(3), 1209-1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030066 - 27 Jun 2024
Abstract
The operations and maintenance phase is typically the longest phase within the building life cycle. Proper and consistent building maintenance is imperative for several reasons, including extending the life of buildings, improving occupants’ comfort and safety, and ultimately saving on long-term costs. Budgets
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The operations and maintenance phase is typically the longest phase within the building life cycle. Proper and consistent building maintenance is imperative for several reasons, including extending the life of buildings, improving occupants’ comfort and safety, and ultimately saving on long-term costs. Budgets for maintenance should be foreseen. The costs of statutory periodic inspections, the costs of replacing worn materials and elements, the costs of periodic works and repairs, the costs of reactive maintenance and the costs of operation will be shown for the analyzed building—a school. This paper outlines the development of a 15-year maintenance plan and program for the building, covering the period from 2024 to 2038. The plan incorporates a discount rate of 3.64% and accounts for inflation when calculating costs. The present value of the costs of maintenance and operation of the building for 15 years is EUR 1,978,292.20 and the largest share of these costs is the operation cost of the building with EUR 1,599,002.18 (80.83%). A sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the discount rate and analysis period, resulting in recalculated present values for maintenance costs. The analysis reveals a correlation of 26.73% between the present value of maintenance and operation costs over a 15-year period and the associated capital costs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
A New Algorithmic Method for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Analysis: Design Optimization and Parametric Study
by
Rima Aridi, Mohamad Al Mawla, Elias Harika, Thierry Lemenand, Mahmoud Khaled and Mostafa Gad El-Rab
Eng 2024, 5(3), 1183-1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030065 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
Population growth, coupled with industrial and agricultural development, has resulted in increased demand for freshwater supply. For countries with scarce water resources, desalination constitutes the only viable solution to this problem. Reverse osmosis (RO) technology has become widely used as the membrane materials
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Population growth, coupled with industrial and agricultural development, has resulted in increased demand for freshwater supply. For countries with scarce water resources, desalination constitutes the only viable solution to this problem. Reverse osmosis (RO) technology has become widely used as the membrane materials have been upgraded and the costs have been reduced. Nowadays, RO is the foremost technology for desalting different types of water such as seawater, brackish, and tap water. However, its design is critical since many parameters are involved in obtaining a good design. The high use of RO encourages the establishment of a procedure that facilitates the design process and helps in obtaining an optimum-performance RO desalination system. This paper presents a procedure divided into three parts: (1) classifying RO parameters; (2) choosing the parameters in a certain order and doing the calculation process through 12 steps; and (3) then inserting the selected parameters and the obtained values on RO System Analysis (ROSA) software. These points are then summarized by creating an algorithmic chart to follow during the design phase of the RO system using ROSA. An example on the proposed list is then taken to validate the procedure, and a comparison is conducted on choosing different values for the parameters. The results of this comparative study show that choosing different parameters affects the RO system productivity. Additionally, every design has a specific optimum set of parameters, which depends upon the design constraints set by the user.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
Open AccessArticle
Recalibrated Correlations between Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Data and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) in Subgrade Soil
by
Jirawat Chokkerd, Artit Udomchai, Sivarit Sultornsanee, Niwat Angkawisittpan, Piyanat Jantosut, Noppadol Sangiamsak and Nopanom Kaewhanam
Eng 2024, 5(3), 1173-1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030064 - 26 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the correlation between the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) for subgrade soil analysis. The paper aims to provide practical equations for predicting CBR values from DCP test results, therefore enhancing the efficiency of soil assessments
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This study investigates the correlation between the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) for subgrade soil analysis. The paper aims to provide practical equations for predicting CBR values from DCP test results, therefore enhancing the efficiency of soil assessments in engineering practice. By analyzing test data and proposing correlations for different soil groups, the study introduces recalibrated correlations that demonstrate high accuracy in predicting CBR values. The newly proposed equations offer reliable predictions with values of 0.89, 0.92, and 0.94 for clean sand, silty sand or sandy silt, and cohesive soil, respectively. These correlations serve as valuable tools for engineers, enabling rapid and accurate CBR estimations for improved decision-making in various engineering projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
An Investigation of Increased Power Transmission Capabilities of Elastic–Plastic-Designed Press–Fit Connections Using a Detachable Joining Device
by
Jan Falter, Daniel Herburger, Hansgeorg Binz and Matthias Kreimeyer
Eng 2024, 5(3), 1155-1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5030063 - 21 Jun 2024
Abstract
Drive systems are an important part of general mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, and various other fields, with shaft–hub connections being an important part of such systems. Decisive aspects in the development of such systems today are, for example, high transmittable forces and torques,
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Drive systems are an important part of general mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, and various other fields, with shaft–hub connections being an important part of such systems. Decisive aspects in the development of such systems today are, for example, high transmittable forces and torques, low masses, and the cheapest possible production of components. A possibly threefold increase in the force and torque transmission capacity can be achieved by using press–fit connections with an elastic–plastic design as opposed to regular elastically designed alternatives. An elastic–plastic design of the press–fit connection is achieved by using a large interference. A large transition geometry on the shaft (which replaces the conventional chamfer) is required to join such an interference. The material and space requirements have a negative impact on lightweight applications and limited building spaces. Therefore, the objective of the research presented in this paper is to design and analyze a detachable joining device that substitutes this geometry. A simulation study was conducted to determine the geometry of the joining device that improves the stress state and consequently the force and torque transmission capacity of the connection. Moreover, the influence of manufacturing tolerances of the joining device and the shaft, corresponding risks, and measures to mitigate them are analyzed using finite element analysis. The results show that large transition radii, enabled by using a joining device, lead to a homogenous distribution of plastic strain and pressure in the press–fit connection, even for large interferences ξ and soft hub materials like wrought aluminum alloys. The influence of manufacturing tolerances on the stress state was quantified, leading to design guidelines that minimize the risk of, e.g., the front face collision of a shaft and hub, while maximizing the power transmission of the connection. The results show the capability of a detachable joining device to enable elastic–plastic press–fit connections and the corresponding threefold increase in the force and torque transmission capacity in lightweight applications, resulting from the substitution of the installation space consuming and mass increasing the transition geometry of the shaft.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Eng 2024)
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Open AccessArticle
Geotechnical Study for Assessing Slope Stability at the Proposed Weito Dam Site in Ethiopia: Implications for Environmental Sustainability and Resilience
by
Tadesse Demisie, Ephrem Getahun, Muralitharan Jothimani and Shengwen Qi
Eng 2024, 5(2), 1140-1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020062 - 20 Jun 2024
Abstract
There is a proposed dam at Weito in Ethiopia’s Southern Nations Nationalities and People Regional State. This embankment-type dam primarily serves irrigation purposes. Weito’s proposed dam’s slope stability is the primary focus of this investigation. The objective is to assess the geological and
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There is a proposed dam at Weito in Ethiopia’s Southern Nations Nationalities and People Regional State. This embankment-type dam primarily serves irrigation purposes. Weito’s proposed dam’s slope stability is the primary focus of this investigation. The objective is to assess the geological and geotechnical conditions influencing slope stability using the slope mass rating (SMR) classification system. This study examined various slope stability parameters. Uniaxial compressive strength, rock quality designation, joint condition, discontinuity spacing, joint orientation, and groundwater conditions were measured. An analysis of field data, including geological structures and lithology, was used to generate a structural discontinuity map. The slope mass rating was calculated to assess rock mass stability. The study area was examined for faults, joints, fractures, and shear zones during fieldwork. Schmidt hammer tests indicated a range of 10.5–50 MPa uniaxial compressive strength. Rock quality designation values were also within 72.5% to 95%. Additionally, the joint spacing of rocks varied from 3.95 cm to 47.5 cm. Rock mass ratings ranged from 39% to 62%. The study contributes to the understanding of the geological conditions at the Weito dam site and ensures the dam’s safe design and construction.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Integrated Beam–Column Joints with Improved Strength Performance against Seismic Events: Numerical Model Simulation
by
Noor Alhuda Sami Aljabbri, Abdulamir Atalla Karim and Fareed Hameed Majeed
Eng 2024, 5(2), 1112-1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020061 - 14 Jun 2024
Abstract
Strength enhancement of non-seismic concrete beam–column joints (NSCBCJs) via carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) integration has become a viable strategy. However, the implementation of these NSCBCJs without transverse reinforcement shows poor performance during earthquakes in seismic locations. Thus, strengthening the anti-seismic performance of
[...] Read more.
Strength enhancement of non-seismic concrete beam–column joints (NSCBCJs) via carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs) integration has become a viable strategy. However, the implementation of these NSCBCJs without transverse reinforcement shows poor performance during earthquakes in seismic locations. Thus, strengthening the anti-seismic performance of NSCBCJs to meet the acceptance criteria of ACI 374.1-05 is fundamentally significant. Yet, in addition to limited experimental results, only a few numerical studies based on the finite element model have been performed to determine the anti-seismic behavior of NSCBCJs. Consequently, the stress contribution of CFRPCs to NSCBCJs is not clearly understood. Therefore, we used a finite element model to examine the strength contribution of CFRPCs to NSCBCJs. The performance of the proposed finite element model was validated using the experimental results, demonstrating a good agreement between them. It was shown that the strength of NSCBCJs was improved due to CFRPC incorporation, thereby achieving compliance with the seismic requirements of ACI 374.1-05. In addition, CFRPCs presence could enhance the confinement, reduce the deformation of the NSCBCJs and, thus, decrease their stiffness and strength degradation, while simultaneously improving the energy dissipation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Analysis and Rehabilitation for Existing Structures)
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Open AccessArticle
Gasification of Lignocellulosic Waste in Supercritical Water: Study of Thermodynamic Equilibrium as a Nonlinear Programming Problem
by
Julles Mitoura dos Santos Junior and Adriano Pinto Mariano
Eng 2024, 5(2), 1096-1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020060 - 12 Jun 2024
Abstract
As one of the main industrial segments of the current geoeconomics scenario, agro-industrial activities generate excessive amounts of waste. The gasification of such waste using supercritical water (SCWG) has the potential to convert the waste and generate products with high added value, hydrogen
[...] Read more.
As one of the main industrial segments of the current geoeconomics scenario, agro-industrial activities generate excessive amounts of waste. The gasification of such waste using supercritical water (SCWG) has the potential to convert the waste and generate products with high added value, hydrogen being the product of greatest interest. Within this context, this article presents studies on the SCWG processes of lignocellulosic residues from cotton, rice, and mustard husks. The Gibbs energy minimization (minG) and entropy maximization (maxS) approaches were applied to evaluate the processes conditioned in isothermal and adiabatic reactors, respectively. The thermodynamic and phase equilibria were written as a nonlinear programming problem using the Peng–Robinson state solution for the prediction of fugacity coefficients. As an optimization tool, TeS (Thermodynamic Equilibrium Simulation) software v.10 was used with the help of the trust-constr algorithm to search for the optimal point. The simulated results were validated with experimental data presenting surface coefficients greater than 0.99, validating the use of the proposed modeling to evaluate reaction systems of interest. It was found that increases in temperature and amounts of biomass in the process feed tend to maximize hydrogen formation. In addition to these variables, the H2/CO ratio is of interest considering that these processes can be directed toward the production of synthesis gas (syngas). The results indicated that the selected processes can be directed to the production of synthesis gas, including the production of chemicals such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and ammonia. Using an entropy maximization approach, it was possible to verify the thermal behavior of reaction systems. The maxS results indicated that the selected processes have a predominantly exothermic character. The initial temperature and biomass composition had predominant effects on the equilibrium temperature of the system. In summary, this work applied advanced optimization and modeling methodologies to validate the feasibility of SCWG processes in producing hydrogen and other valuable chemicals from agro-industrial waste.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Green Technologies for Industrial Chemical Engineering)
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