Figure 4

Evaluation of intracellular ROS level in HT-29 cells treated with not-digested and digested coffee after LPS treatments. Intracellular ROS levels were assessed by H₂DCF-DA assay in LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells treated for 48h with digested and not-digested coffee samples (0.25 mg/mL) compared with untreated cells. H₂O₂ (100 µM) was used as positive control. Mean ± SD of three independent experiments were plotted on the graph. Differences were considered significant when p-value ≤ 0.05, p-value ≤ 0.01 and highly significant when p-value ≤ 0.001. ** p ≤ 0.01, and *** p ≤ 0.001 versus untreated control (calculated as fold-change relative to untreated cells, arbitrarily set at 100%) and/or LPS-stimulated cells; ^# p ≤ 0.05, not-digested coffee versus digested coffee.