Review
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5.
Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
Affiliations
- PMID: 29431872
- PMCID: PMC6491068
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5
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Review
Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Newborn admission temperature is a strong predictor of outcomes across all gestations. Hypothermia immediately after birth remains a worldwide issue and, if prolonged, is associated with harm. Keeping preterm infants warm is difficult even when recommended routine thermal care guidelines are followed in the delivery room.
Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of interventions designed for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and/or low birth weight infants applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room, compared with routine thermal care or any other single/combination of intervention(s) also designed for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and/or low birth weight infants applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room.
Search methods: We used the standard search strategy of Cochrane Neonatal to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 5), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to 30 June 2016), Embase (1980 to 30 June 2016), and CINAHL (1982 to 30 June 2016). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials.
Selection criteria: Trials using randomised or quasi-randomised allocations to test interventions designed to prevent hypothermia (apart from 'routine' thermal care) applied within 10 minutes after birth in the delivery room for infants at < 37 weeks' gestation and/or birth weight ≤ 2500 grams.
Data collection and analysis: We used Cochrane Neonatal methods when performing data collection and analysis.
Main results: Twenty-five studies across 15 comparison groups met the inclusion criteria, categorised as: barriers to heat loss (18 studies); external heat sources (three studies); and combinations of interventions (four studies).Barriers to heat loss Plastic wrap or bag versus routine carePlastic wraps improved core body temperature on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or up to two hours after birth (mean difference (MD) 0.58°C, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 0.66; 13 studies; 1633 infants), and fewer infants had hypothermia on admission to the NICU or up to two hours after birth (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.72; typical risk reduction (RD) -0.25, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.20; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 4, 95% CI 4 to 5; 10 studies; 1417 infants). Risk of hyperthermia on admission to the NICU or up to two hours after birth was increased in infants in the wrapped group (typical RR 3.91, 95% CI 2.05 to 7.44; typical RD 0.04, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.06; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 25, 95% CI 17 to 50; 12 studies; 1523 infants), but overall, fewer infants receiving plastic wrap were outside the normothermic range (typical RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.81; typical RD -0.20, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.15; NNTH 5, 95% CI 4 to 7; five studies; 1048 infants).Evidence was insufficient to suggest that plastic wraps or bags significantly reduce risk of death during hospital stay or other major morbidities, with the exception of reducing risk of pulmonary haemorrhage.Evidence of practices regarding permutations on this general approach is still emerging and has been based on the findings of only one or two small studies.External heat sourcesEvidence is emerging on the efficacy of external heat sources, including skin-to-skin care (SSC) versus routine care (one study; 31 infants) and thermal mattress versus routine care (two studies; 126 infants).SSC was shown to be effective in reducing risk of hypothermia when compared with conventional incubator care for infants with birth weight ≥ 1200 and ≤ 2199 grams (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.64; RD -0.56, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.27; NNTB 2, 95% CI 1 to 4). Thermal (transwarmer) mattress significantly kept infants ≤ 1500 grams warmer (MD 0.65°C, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.94) and reduced the incidence of hypothermia on admission to the NICU, with no significant difference in hyperthermia risk.Combinations of interventionsTwo studies (77 infants) compared thermal mattresses versus plastic wraps or bags for infants at ≤ 28 weeks' gestation. Investigators reported no significant differences in core body temperature nor in the incidence of hypothermia, hyperthermia, or core body temperature outside the normothermic range on admission to the NICU.Two additional studies (119 infants) compared plastic bags and thermal mattresses versus plastic bags alone for infants at < 31 weeks' gestation. Meta-analysis of these two studies showed improvement in core body temperature on admission to the NICU or up to two hours after birth, but an increase in hyperthermia. Data show no significant difference in the risk of having a core body temperature outside the normothermic range on admission to the NICU nor in the risk of other reported morbidities.
Authors' conclusions: Evidence of moderate quality shows that use of plastic wraps or bags compared with routine care led to higher temperatures on admission to NICUs with less hypothermia, particularly for extremely preterm infants. Thermal mattresses and SSC also reduced hypothermia risk when compared with routine care, but findings are based on two or fewer small studies. Caution must be taken to avoid iatrogenic hyperthermia, particularly when multiple interventions are used simultaneously. Limited evidence suggests benefit and no evidence of harm for most short-term morbidity outcomes known to be associated with hypothermia, including major brain injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotising enterocolitis, and nosocomial infection. Many observational studies have shown increased mortality among preterm hypothermic infants compared with those who maintain normothermia, yet evidence is insufficient to suggest that these interventions reduce risk of in-hospital mortality across all comparison groups. Hypothermia may be a marker for illness and poorer outcomes by association rather than by causality. Limitations of this review include small numbers of identified studies; small sample sizes; and variations in methods and definitions used for hypothermia, hyperthermia, normothermia, routine care, and morbidity, along with lack of power to detect effects on morbidity and mortality across most comparison groups. Future studies should: be adequately powered to detect rarer outcomes; apply standardised morbidity definitions; focus on longer-term outcomes, particularly neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Conflict of interest statement
SV is principal investigator on three studies that met the review eligibility criteria and was excluded from the study appraisal process for these studies.
Figures
Study flow diagram: review update.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, outcome: 1.1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, outcome: 1.2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, outcome: 1.19 Mortality (death within hospital stay or at 6 months' corrected gestation).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 3 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 4 Core body temperature (°C) at 1 hour after birth.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 5 Core body temperature (°C) at 90 minutes after birth.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 6 Core body temperature (°C) at 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 7 Core body temperature (°C) post stabilisation.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 8 Hypothermia post stabilisation: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 9 Outside normothermic range post stabilisation.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 10 Core body temperature (°C) 30 minutes after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 11 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 12 Core body temperature (°C) 90 minutes after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 13 Core body temperature (°C) 2 hours after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 14 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 15 Hyperthermia post stabilisation: core body temperature ≥ 37.5°C.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 16 Major brain injury.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 17 Intraventicular haemorrhage (all grades).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 18 Intraventricular haemorrhage (grades III and IV).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 19 Mortality (death within hospital stay or at 6 months' corrected gestation).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 20 Arterial oxygen saturation (percentage).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 21 Bicarbonate (mmol/L).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 22 Blood gas pH (first).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 23 Blood gas pH < 7.25.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 24 Blood glucose concentration (mmol/L) (first).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 25 Blood glucose < 2.6 mmol/L.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 26 Blood glucose > 6 mmol/L.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 28 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 29 BPD steroids.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 30 Duration of hospitalisation (days).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 33 Duration of oxygen therapy (days).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 35 Gastrointestinal perforation.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 36 Intubation in delivery room.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 37 Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 38 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 39 Pneumothorax.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 40 Pulmonary haemorrhage.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 41 Requirement for bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 42 Requirement for ventilation.
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 43 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 44 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 45 Sepsis (late).
Comparison 1 Plastic wrap or bag versus routine care, Outcome 46 Sepsis (early).
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 3 Decrease in temperature (axillary °C) from baseline before transport to NICU admission.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 4 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 5 Base excess.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 6 Blood gas pH.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 7 Duration of oxygen therapy (days).
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 8 Hemo glucose test.
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 9 Hypoglycaemia (blood glucose level < 40 mg/dL within 2 hours of birth).
Comparison 2 Plastic wrap versus routine care (interhospital neonatal transport), Outcome 10 Severe metabolic acidosis.
Comparison 3 Plastic bag with previous drying versus routine care, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) 30 minutes after birth.
Comparison 3 Plastic bag with previous drying versus routine care, Outcome 2 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after birth.
Comparison 3 Plastic bag with previous drying versus routine care, Outcome 3 Core body temperature (°C) 90 minutes after birth.
Comparison 3 Plastic bag with previous drying versus routine care, Outcome 4 Core body temperature (°C) 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 3 Plastic bag with previous drying versus routine care, Outcome 5 Hypothermia.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.4°C.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 3 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 4 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 5 Major brain injury.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 6 Mortality (death within hospital stay).
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 7 Bicarbonate (mmol/L).
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 8 Blood gas pH (first).
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 9 First serum glucose concentration (mmol/L) on admission to NICU.
Comparison 4 Plastic cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 10 Intubation at birth.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 2 Core body temperature (°C) at 10th minute of life.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 3 Core body temperature (°C) at 15th minute of life.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 4 Core body temperature (°C) at 30th minute of life.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 5 Core body temperature (°C) at 1 hour of life.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 6 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 7 Core body temperature (°C) 2 hours after initial NICU admission temperature was taken.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 8 Hyperthermia: core body temperature > 37.0°C.
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 9 Hyponatraemia (serum sodium concentration < 130 mmol/L).
Comparison 5 Plastic bag and plastic cap versus routine care, Outcome 10 Weight (grams) at fifth day of life.
Comparison 6 Plastic bag with previous drying versus plastic bag without previous drying, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) 30 minutes after birth.
Comparison 6 Plastic bag with previous drying versus plastic bag without previous drying, Outcome 2 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after birth.
Comparison 6 Plastic bag with previous drying versus plastic bag without previous drying, Outcome 3 Core body temperature (°C) 90 minutes after birth.
Comparison 6 Plastic bag with previous drying versus plastic bag without previous drying, Outcome 4 Core body temperature (°C) 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 6 Plastic bag with previous drying versus plastic bag without previous drying, Outcome 5 Hyperthermia.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.4°C.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 3 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 4 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after initial temperature on admission to NICU taken.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 5 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 6 Major brain injury.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 7 Mortality (death at discharge).
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 8 Bicarbonate concentration (mmol/L).
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 9 Blood gas pH.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 10 First serum glucose concentration (mmol/L) on admission to NICU.
Comparison 7 Plastic cap versus plastic bag, Outcome 11 Intubation at birth.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) 20 minutes after birth.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 2 Core body temperature (°C) 40 minutes after birth.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 3 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after birth.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 4 Decrease in core body temperature (°C) during 1 hour after birth.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 5 Hypothermia within 1 hour after birth: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 6 Moderate hypothermia within 1 hour after birth: core body temperature 32°C to 35.9°C.
Comparison 8 Plastic bag versus plastic wrap, Outcome 7 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 3 Mild hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature 36°C to 36.4°C.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 4 Moderate hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 32.0°C to 35.9°C.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 5 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or within 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 6 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after admission to NICU.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 7 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 8 Intraventricular haemorrhage.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 9 Periventricular leukomalacia.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 10 Mortality.
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 11 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Comparison 9 Plastic total body wrap (body + head) versus plastic body wrap (head uncovered), Outcome 12 Necrotising enterocolitis.
Comparison 10 Plastic bag and plastic hat versus plastic bag and cotton hat, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 10 Plastic bag and plastic hat versus plastic bag and cotton hat, Outcome 2 Core body temperature (°C) 1 hour after admission to NICU.
Comparison 10 Plastic bag and plastic hat versus plastic bag and cotton hat, Outcome 3 Core body temperature (°C) 2 hours after admission to NICU.
Comparison 11 Stockinette cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 11 Stockinette cap versus routine care (no cap), Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 12 Skin‐to‐skin care versus routine care, Outcome 1 Hypothermia: skin temperature < 35.5°C for 2 consecutive recordings.
Comparison 12 Skin‐to‐skin care versus routine care, Outcome 2 Hypoglycaemia: blood glucose level < 2.6 mmol/L.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 3 Moderate hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 36°C.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 4 Hypothermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature < 35°C.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 5 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 6 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 7 Mortality.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 8 Major brain injury ‐ IVH (grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ).
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 9 Major brain injury ‐ cystic periventricular leukomalacia.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 10 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 11 Duration of hospital stay (days).
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 12 Duration of ventilation (days).
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 13 Duration of oxygen requirements (days).
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 14 Hypoglycaemia.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 15 Metabolic acidosis.
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 16 Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC).
Comparison 13 Thermal mattress versus routine care, Outcome 17 Sepsis.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 2 Hypothermia on admission to NICU (core body temperature < 36.5°C or skin temperature < 36°C).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 3 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 4 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 5 Brain injury (IVH grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 6 Major brain injury (IVH grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 7 Mortality (death before discharge).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 8 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 9 Hypotension during first 24 hours of life.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 10 Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 11 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 12 PDA ‐ medication only.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 13 PDA ‐ ligation.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 14 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP all grades).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 15 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP laser therapy).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 16 Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP).
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 17 Worst base deficit in first 24 hours of life.
Comparison 14 Thermal mattress versus plastic wrap or bag, Outcome 18 Worst pH in first 24 hours of life.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 1 Core body temperature (°C) on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours of after birth.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 2 Hypothermia: core body temperature < 36.5°C on admission to NICU.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 3 Outside normothermic range on admission to NICU or up to 2 hours after birth.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 4 Hyperthermia on admission to NICU: core body temperature > 37.5°C.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 5 Major brain injury.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 6 Mortality (death before hospital discharge).
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 7 Chronic lung disease.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 8 Coagulation support.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 9 Inotrope use.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 10 Intubated during admission.
Comparison 15 Plastic bag and thermal mattress versus plastic bag only, Outcome 11 ≥ 1 dose surfactant during admission.
Update of
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Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD004210. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub4. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 12;2:CD004210. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5. PMID: 20238329 Updated. Review.
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References
References to studies included in this review
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Brennan 1996 {published data only}
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- Brennan AB. Effect of sodium acetate transport mattresses on admission temperatures of infants <= 1500 grams [dissertation]. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida, 1996.
Caglar 2014 {published and unpublished data}
Cardona Torres 2012 {published data only}
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- Cardona Torres LM, Amador Licona N, Garcia Campos ML, Guizar‐Mendoza JM. Polyethylene wrap for thermoregulation in the preterm infant: a randomised trial. Indian Pediatrics 2012;49(2):129‐32. [PUBMED: 21992867] - PubMed
Chantaroj 2011 {published data only}
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- Chantaroj S, Techasatid W. Effect of polyethylene bag to prevent heat loss in preterm infants at birth: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2011;94(Suppl 7):S32‐7. [PUBMED: 22619904] - PubMed
Chawla 2011 {published data only}
Doglioni 2014 {published data only}
Farhadi 2012 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Farhadi R, Naderi M, Rahmani Z, Ghafari V, Khalilian A. Effect of "ZIPKIF" plastic bag on prevention of hypothermia in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2012;22(93):19‐26.
Gathwala 2010 {published data only}
Knobel 2005 {published data only}
Leadford 2013 {published data only}
Leslie 2007 {published data only}
-
- Leslie A, Wardle SP, Budge H, Marlow N, Brocklehurst P. [Randomised controlled trial of gel warming mattresses to prevent hypothermia during resuscitation at birth of premature infants]. Neonatal Society 2007 Autumn Meeting. London: Neonatal Society, 2007.
Mathew 2012 {published data only}
McCarthy 2013 {published data only}
Reilly 2015 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Reilly MC, Vohra S, Dunn M, Ferrelli K, Rac VE, Vincer M, et al. The Vermont Oxford Network (VON) heat loss prevention (HELP) trial. Proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Meeting; 2012 April 28 ‐ May 1; Boston (MA). The Woodlands (TX): Pediatric Academic Societies, 2012.
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- Reilly MC, Vohra S, Rac VE, Dunn M, Ferrelli K, Kiss A, et al. Vermont Oxford Network Heat Loss Prevention (HeLP) Trial Study Group. Randomized trial of occlusive wrap for heat loss prevention in preterm infants. Journal of Pediatrics 2015;166(2):262‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.09.068] - DOI - PubMed
Roberts 1981 {published data only}
-
- Roberts JR. Use of a stockinette cap on premature infants after delivery [dissertation]. Denton (TX): Texas Women's University, 1981.
Rohana 2011 {published data only}
Simon 2011 {published data only}
-
- Simon P, Dannaway D, Bright B, Krous L, Wlodaver A, Burks B, et al. Thermal defence of extremely low gestational age newborns (EGLANS) during resuscitation: exothermic mattress vs polyethylene wrap. Journal of Perinatology 2011;31(1):33‐7. - PubMed
Smith 2013 {published and unpublished data}
Talakoub 2015 {published data only}
Tescon‐delos Santos 2012 {published and unpublished data}
-
- Tecson‐delos Santos CM, Uy ME, Uy H, Sto Nino OV. [Polyethylene plastic wrap and cap for thermoregulation of preterm infants 28 to 36 weeks old admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial]. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2012; Vol. 48 (Suppl 1):154. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2012.02412.x] - DOI
Trevisanuto 2010 {published and unpublished data}
Vohra 1999 {published data only}
-
- Vohra S, Frent G, Campbell V, Abbott M, Whyte R. Effect of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping on heat loss in very low birth weight infants at delivery: a randomised trial. Journal of Pediatrics 1999;134(5):547‐51. [PUBMED: 10228287] - PubMed
Vohra 2004 {published data only}
References to studies excluded from this review
Acharya 2014 {published data only}
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- Acharya N, Singh RR, Bhatta NK, Poudel P. Randomized control trial of Kangaroo Mother Care in low birth weight babies at a tertiary level hospital. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 2014;34(1):18‐23.
Ammari 2009 {published data only}
Anderson 2003 {published data only}
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- Anderson GC, Chiu SH, Dombrowski MA, Swinth JY, Albert JM, Wada N. Mother‐newborn contact in a randomised trial of kangaroo (skin‐to‐ skin) care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2003;32(5):604‐11. [PUBMED: 14565739] - PubMed
Andrade 2005 {published data only}
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- Andrade I, Guedes Z. Suckling of the premature newborn child: comparison between the Kangaroo Mother method with traditional care [Succao do recem‐nascido prematuro: comparacao do metodo Mae‐Canguro com os cuidados tradicionais]. Revista Brasileria de Saude Materno Infantil 2005;5(1):61‐9. [DOI: 10.1590/S1519-38292005000100008] - DOI
Ballesteros 2012 {published data only}
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- Ballesteros RM, Agulay EA, Matias AAD, Mendoza SL. Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight infants <2000g: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2012; Vol. 48 Suppl 1:83.
Baum 1968 {published data only}
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Beiranvand 2014 {published data only}
Bell 1983 {published data only}
Bergstrom 2005 {published data only}
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Besch 1971 {published data only}
Bhat 2015 {published data only}
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Bier 1996 {published data only}
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Boo 2007a {published data only}
Boo 2007b {published data only}
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Brice 1981 {published data only}
Bystrova 2003 {published data only}
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Bystrova 2007 {published data only}
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Carfoot 2005 {published data only}
Cattaneo 1998 {published data only}
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Chaput 1979 {published data only}
Charpak 1997 {published data only}
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- Charpak N, Ruiz‐Pelaez JG, Figueroa de CZ, Charpak Y. Kangaroo mother versus traditional care for newborn infants </= 2000 grams: a randomised, controlled trial. Pediatrics 1997;100(4):682‐8. [PUBMED: 9310525] - PubMed
Cheah 2000 {published data only}
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Christensson 1992 {published data only}
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Christensson 1995 {published data only}
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Christensson 1996 {published data only}
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Christensson 1998 {published data only}
Chwo 1999 {published data only}
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- Chwo MJ. Early kangaroo care for 34‐36 week preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, behavior, and acuity [dissertation]. Clevland (OH): Case Western Reserve University, 1999.
Chwo 2002 {published data only}
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- Chwo MJ, Anderson GC, Good M, Dowling DA, Shaiu SH, Cho DM. A randomised controlled trial of early kangaroo care for preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, behaviour and acuity. Journal of Nursing Research 2002;10(2):129‐42. [PUBMED: 12119598] - PubMed
Coles 1979 {published data only}
CTRI/2011/11/002125 {published data only}
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- CTRI/2011/11/002125. A randomised, open‐label, active controlled study to determine the safety and efficacy of the rural‐at‐home Embrace™ infant warmer (REIW) in maintaining thermo‐stability (36.5°C to 37.5°C), of low‐birth‐weight (LBW) neonates when used in a home setting. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2011/11/002125 (first received 14 November 2011).
Dahm 1972 {published data only}
-
- Dahm LS, James LS. Newborn temperature and calculated heat loss in the delivery room. Pediatrics 1972;49(4):504‐13. [PUBMED: 5013414] - PubMed
Darmstadt 2007 {published data only}
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- Dramstadt GL, Kumar V, Yadav R, Singh V, Singh P, Mohanty S, et al. Introduction of community‐based skin‐to‐skin care in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Perinatology 2006;26(10):597‐604. - PubMed
Darmstadt 2008 {published data only}
Day 1964 {published data only}
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- Day RL, Caliguiri L, Kamenski C, Ehrlich F. Body temperature and survival of premature infants. Pediatrics 1964;34:171‐81. [PUBMED: 14211077] - PubMed
Dehghani 2015 {published data only}
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- Dehghani K, Movahed ZP, Dehghani H, Nasiriani, K. A randomised controlled trial of kangaroo mother care versus conventional method on vital signs and arterial oxygen saturation rate in newborns who were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Neonatology 2015;4(1):26‐31. [DOI: 10.4103/2249-4847.151163] - DOI
De Ocampo 2012 {published data only}
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- Ocampo FS, Esterlita UM. A randomised controlled trial of kangaroo mother care (KMC) versus conventional care in increasing the rate of weight gain among low birthweight (LBW) neonates. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012;48:74‐5.
Dodd 2003 {published data only}
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- Dodd VL. Effects of kangaroo care in preterm infants [dissertation]. Storrs (CT): The University of Connecticut, 2003.
Duryea 2016 {published data only}
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- Duryea EL, Nelson DB, Wyckoff MH, Grant EN, Tao W, Sadana N, et al. The impact of ambient operating room temperature on neonatal and maternal hypothermia and associated morbidities: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016;214(4):505.e1‐7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.01.190] - DOI - PubMed
Erlandsson 2007 {published data only}
Fallis 2006 {published data only}
Fardig 1980 {published data only}
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- Fardig JA. A comparison of skin‐to‐skin contact and radiant heaters in promoting neonatal thermoregulation. Journal of Nurse‐Midwifery 1980;25(1):19‐28. [PUBMED: 6898112] - PubMed
Ferber 2004 {published data only}
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- Ferber SG, Makhoul IR. The effect of skin‐to‐skin contact (kangaroo care) shortly after birth on the neurobehavioral responses of the term newborn: a randomised, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2004;113(4):858‐65. [PUBMED: 15060238] - PubMed
Gabriel 2010 {published data only}
Gao 2010 {published data only}
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- Gao F, Chen JL, Zhou CF, Jin DY. The effect of mother‐infant skin‐to‐skin contact shortly after birth on newborn behaviours. Chinese Journal of Nursing 2010;45:1061‐4.
Gathwala 2008 {published data only}
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- Gathwala G, Singh B, Balhara B. KMC facilitates mother baby attachment in low birth weight infants. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2008;75(1):43‐7. [PUBMED: 18245934] - PubMed
Ghavane 2012 {published data only}
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- Ghavane S, Murki S, Subramanian S, Gaddam P, Kandraju H, Thumalla S. Kangaroo mother care in kangaroo ward for improving the growth and breastfeeding outcomes when reaching term gestational age in very low birth weight infants. Acta Paediatrica 2012;101(12):e545‐9. [DOI: 10.1111/apa.12023] - DOI - PubMed
Gouchon 2010 {published data only}
Gray 2004 {published data only}
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- Gray PH, Paterson S, Finch G, Hayes M. Cot‐nursing using a heated, water‐filled mattress and incubator care: a randomised clinical trial. Acta Paediatrica 2004;93(3):350‐5. [PUBMED: 15124838] - PubMed
Green‐Abate 1994 {published data only}
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- Green‐Abate C, Tafari N, Rao MR, Yu K, Clemens JD. Comparison of heated water‐filled mattress and space‐heated room with infant incubator in providing warmth to low birthweight newborns. International Journal of Epidemiology 1994;23(6):1226‐33. - PubMed
Greer 1988 {published data only}
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- Greer PS. Head coverings for newborns under radiant warmers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological and Neonatal Nursing 1988;17(4):265‐71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1988.tb00438.x] - DOI
Grover 1994 {published data only}
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- Grover G, Berkowitz CD, Lewis RJ, Thompson M, Berry L, Seidel J. The effects of bundling on infant temperature. Pediatrics 1994;94(5):669‐73. [PUBMED: 7936893] - PubMed
Gulezian 1980 {published data only}
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- Gulezian GZ. Effect of skin‐to‐skin contact on transitional newborn infants' temperature [dissertation]. Chicago (IL): University of Illinois at the Medical Center, 1980.
Harrison 2004 {published data only}
-
- Harrison M. Kangaroo mother care:an innovative way of care for infants [dissertation]. Hattiesburg (MS): University of Southern Mississippi, 2004.
Heaman 2012 {published data only}
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- Heaman MI, Martens PJ, Brownell MD, Chartier MJ, Helewa ME, Derksen SA, et al. Predictors of inadequate prenatal care: a population‐based study in Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012;48(Suppl 1):8‐81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2012.02411.x] - DOI
Hellin Martinez 2000 {published data only}
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- Heillin Martinez MJ, Lopez Terol E, Perez Lopez M, Vidagany Escrig I. Maintain the temperature of a healthy newborn infant. Revista Rol de Enfermeria 2000;23(1):63‐5.
Hobbs 1975 {published data only}
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- Hobbs JF, MacKuanying N, Eidelman I, Schneider KM. A new transparent insulating infant gown to maintain thermal stability. Pediatric Research 1975;9:366 [Abstract 658].
Holzman 1985 {published data only}
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- Holzman IR. A method to maintain infant temperature. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1985;139(4):390‐2. [PUBMED: 3976629] - PubMed
Horn 2002 {published data only}
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- Horn EP, Schroeder F, Gottschalk A, Sessler DI, Hiltmeyer N, Standl T, et al. Active warming during cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2002;94(2):409‐14. [PUBMED: 11812709] - PubMed
Horn 2014 {published data only}
Hsu 2015 {published data only}
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- Hsu KH, Chiang MC. A randomised trial of using thermal blanket to improve thermoregulation among preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 5th Congress of the European Academy of Paediatric Societies 2014;99(Suppl 2):A195‐6. [DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307384.526] - DOI
Huang 2002 {published data only}
-
- Haung L, Chwo M, Chu D, Chang Y. Effects of very early kangaroo care on infants' extrauterine adaptation. Hu Li za Zhi [Journal of Nursing] 2002;49(5):37‐51.
Huang 2006 {published data only}
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- Huang YY, Huang CY, Lin SM, Wu SC. Effect of very early kangaroo care on extrauterine temperature adaptation in newborn infants with hypothermia problems. Hu Li za Zhi [Journal of Nursing] 2006;53(4):41‐8. [PUBMED: 16874601] - PubMed
Jia 2012 {published data only}
Johanson 1992 {published data only}
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- Johanson RB, Spencer SA, Rolfe P, Jones P, Malla DS. Effect of post‐delivery care on neonatal body temperature. Acta Paediatrica 1992;81(11):859‐63. [PUBMED: 1467605] - PubMed
Kadam 2005 {published data only}
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- Kadam S, Binoy S, Kanbur W, Mondkar JA, Fernandez A. Feasibility of kangaroo mother care in Mumbai. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2005;72(1):35‐8. [PUBMED: 15684446] - PubMed
Kaushal 2005 {published data only}
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- Kaushal M, Agarwal R, Aggarwal R, Singal A, Upadhyay M, Sirnivas V, et al. Cling wrap, an innovative intervention for temperature maintenance and reduction of insensible water loss in very low‐birthweight babies nursed under radiant warmers: a randomised, controlled trial. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 2005;25(2):111‐8. [DOI: 10.1179/146532805X45700] - DOI - PubMed
Kong 2011 {published data only}
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- Kong YS, Medhurst A, Cheong JLY, Kotsanas D, Jolley D. The effect of incubator humidity on the body temperature of infants born at 28 weeks' gestation or less: a randomised controlled trial. Neonatal, Paediatric and Child Health Nursing 2011;14(2):14‐22.
Kumar 2008 {published data only}
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- Kumar V, Mohanty S, Kumar A, Misra RP, Santosham S, Baqui AH, et al. The Saksham Study Group. Effect of community‐based behaviour change management on neonatal mortality in Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372(9644):1151‐62. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61483-X] - DOI - PubMed
Legault 1993 {published data only}
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- Legault M, Goulet C. Comparative study of two methods of holding premature infants: the kangaroo method versus traditional method [Etude comparative de deux methodes de sortie du premature: methode kangourou versus methode traditionnelle]. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 1993;25(4):67‐80. [PUBMED: 10603808] - PubMed
Lim 2004 {published data only}
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- Lim NL. Prevention of neonatal hypothermia. Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Federation‐of‐Asia‐and‐Oceania‐Perinatal‐Societies (FAOPS); April 14‐18, 2004; Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Bologna (Italy): Medimond International Proceedings Division, 2004.
Loring 2012 {published data only}
Ludington‐Hoe 1994 {published data only}
-
- Ludington‐Hoe SM, Thompson C, Swinth J, Hadeed AJ, Anderson GC. Kangaroo care: research results and practice implications and guidelines. Neonatal Network 1994;13(1):19‐27. [PUBMED: 8114658] - PubMed
Ludington‐Hoe 2000 {published data only}
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- Ludington‐Hoe SM, Nguyen N, Swinth JY, Satyshur RD. Kangaroo care compared to incubators in maintaining body warmth in preterm infants. Biological Research for Nursing 2000;2(1):60‐73. - PubMed
Ludington‐Hoe 2004 {published data only}
Marks 1985 {published data only}
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- Marks KH, Devenyi AG, Bello ME, Nardis EE, Seaton JF, Ultman JS. Thermal head wrap for infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1985;107(6):956‐9. [PUBMED: 4067755] - PubMed
Mazurek 1999 {published data only}
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- Mazurek T, Mikiel‐Kostyra K, Mazur J, Wieczorek P, Radwanska B, Pachuta‐Weigier L. Influence of immediate newborn care on infant adaptation to the environment [Wplyw postepowania z noworodkiem bezpoSrednio po porodzie na cechy jego adaptacji do Srodowiska]. Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego 1999;3(2):215‐24. [PUBMED: 10910653] - PubMed
Medves 2004 {published data only}
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- Medves JM, O'Brien B. Effect of bather and location of first bath on maintaining thermal stability in newborns. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing 2004;33(2):175‐82. [PUBMED: 15095796] - PubMed
Meyer 2001 {published data only}
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- Meyer MP, Payton MJ, Salmon A, Hutchinson C, Klerk A. A clinical comparison of radiant warmer and incubator care for preterm infants from birth to 1800 grams. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):395‐401. [PUBMED: 11483805] - PubMed
Meyer 2007 {published data only}
Meyer 2015 {published and unpublished data}
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- ACTRN12609000694213. Giving humidified gases to preterm infants from birth [Effect of humidified and non humidified T piece resuscitation on admission temperatures in preterm infants < 32 weeks: a randomised controlled trial]. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12609000694213 (first received 11 January 2010).
Miles 2006 {published data only}
Monterosso 1999 {published data only}
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- Monterosso L, Percival P, Cole J, Evans SF. Effect of nappy liners on temperature stability in very preterm infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 1999;35(4):363‐6. [PUBMED: 10457293] - PubMed
Moore 2007 {published data only}
Nagai 2010 {published data only}
Nako 2000 {published data only}
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- Nako Y, Harigaya A, Tomomasa T, Morikawa A, Amada M, Kijima C, et al. Effects of bathing immediately after birth on early neonatal adaptation and morbidity: a prospective randomised comparative study. Pediatrics International 2000;42(5):517‐22. [PUBMED: 11059542] - PubMed
NCT00531492 {published data only}
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- NCT00531492. Efficacy of Continuous Skin to Skin Care (Technique Kangaroo: TK) After Birth for Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants and Their Mothers in Developing Countries (EtudeTK) [Randomized controlled trial of continuous skin to skin care (technique kangourou: TK) for low birth weight (LBW) infants and their mothers at University Hospital Center of Mahajanga (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Mahajanga: CHUM), Madagascar]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00531492 (17 September 2007).
NCT01604421 {published data only}
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- NCT01604421. Evaluation of Use of Plastic Bags to Prevent Neonatal Hypothermia ‐ Part II [Randomized Evaluation of the Use of Plastic Bags to Prevent Neonatal Hypothermia in Developing Countries ‐ Part II]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01604421 (21 May 2012).
NCT01604434 {published data only}
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- NCT01604434. Evaluation of Use of Plastic Bags to Prevent Neonatal Hypothermia ‐ Part III [Randomized evaluation of the use of plastic bags to prevent neonatal hypothermia in developing countries ‐ Part Ⅲ]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01604434 (21 May 2012).
NCT01604447 {published data only}
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- NCT01604447. Evaluation of Use of Plastic Bags to Prevent Neonatal Hypothermia ‐ Part IV [Randomized evaluation of the use of plastic bags to prevent neonatal hypothermia in developing countries ‐ Part Ⅳ]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01604447 (21 May 2012).
NCT01604460 {published data only}
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- NCT01604460. Evaluation of Use of Plastic Bags to Prevent Neonatal Hypothermia ‐ Part V [Randomized evaluation of the use of plastic bags to prevent neonatal hypothermia in developing countries ‐ Part Ⅴ]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01604460 (21 May 2012).
NCT01776281 {published data only}
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- NCT01776281. Effects of kangaroo mother care among low birthweight (LBW) and preterm infants (KMC) [Effects of Kangaroo Mother Care Among LBW and Preterm Infants:A Randomized Control Trial in Karachi]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01776281 (22 January 2013).
New 2012 {published data only}
Nimbalker 2014 {published data only}
Nopper 1996 {published data only}
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- Nopper AJ, Horri KA, Sookdeo‐Drost S, Wang TH, Mancini AJ, Lane AT. Topical ointment therapy benefits premature infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;128(5 Pt 1):660‐9. [PUBMED: 8627439] - PubMed
Nuntnarumit 2004 {published data only}
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- Nuntnarumit P, Deesomchok A. Efficacy of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping with plastic bag in preventing hypothermia in infants less than 32 weeks' gestational age at delivery. Proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Meeting; 2004 May 1‐4; San Francisco, (CA). The Woodlands (TX): Pediatric Academic Societies, 2004.
Nuntnarumit 2013 {published data only}
Omene 1978 {published data only}
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- Omene JA, Diejomaoh FM, Faal M, Diakparomre MA, Obiaya M. Heat loss in Nigerian newborn infants in the delivery room. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1978‐1979;16(4):300‐2. [PUBMED: 35391] - PubMed
Pattinson 2005 {published data only}
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- Pattinson RC, Arsalo I, Bergh AM, Malan AF, Patrick M, Phillips N. Implementation of kangaroo mother care: a randomised trial of two outreach strategies. Acta Paediatrica 2005;94(7):924‐7. [PUBMED: 10.1080/08035250510028399] - PubMed
Punnahitananda 2008 {published data only}
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- Punnahitananda S, Thaithumyanon P. Efficacy of polyethylene plastic wrap for the prevention of hypothermia during immediate postnatal period in preterm infants: a randomised controlled trial. Proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies' Meeting; 2008 May 2‐6, 2008; Honolulu (Hawaii). The Woodlands (TX): Pediatric Academic Societies, 2008:E‐PAS2008:634458.10.
Punthmatharith 2001 {published data only}
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- Punthmatharith B. Randomized controlled trial of early kangaroo (skin‐to‐skin) care: effects on maternal feelings, maternal‐infant interaction and breastfeeding success in Thailand [dissertation]. Clevland (OH): Case Western Reserve University, 2001.
Raman 1992 {published data only}
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- Raman S, Shahla A. Temperature drop in normal term newborn infants born at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpar. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1992;32(2):117‐9. - PubMed
Ramanathan 2001 {published data only}
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Ramani 2015 {published data only}
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- Ramani M, Choe EA, Major M, Newton R, Carlo W. Randomised trial of skin‐to‐skin contact to prevent hypothermia in term neonates. Journal of Investigative Medicine. 2015; Vol. 63:418.
Roberts 2000 {published data only}
Rojas 2001 {published data only}
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- Rojas MA, Kaplan M, Mayes L, Quevedo ME, Foster LB, Sherwonit E, et al. Traditional holding (TH) and skin‐to‐skin care (SSC) for newborn infants <= 1500 grams. A randomised controlled trial. Pediatric Research 2001;49:360A. - PubMed
Rojas 2003 {published data only}
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- Rojas MA, Kaplan M, Quevedo M, Sherwonit E, Foster LB, Ehrenkranz RA, et al. Somatic growth of preterm infants during skin‐to‐skin care versus traditional holding: a randomised, controlled trial. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2003;24(3):163‐8. [PUBMED: 12806228] - PubMed
Ruiz 1998 {published data only}
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- Ruiz JG. Kangaroo mother versus 'traditional' care for newborn infants <= 2000 grams: a randomised control trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1998;51(Suppl 1):S12. [DOI: ]
Sankaranarayanan 2005 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment
Ahmed 2013 {published data only}
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Castro 2007 {published data only}
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Nimbalkar 2015 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies
CRTI/2014/11/005200 {published data only}
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CTRI/2016/02/006673 {published data only}
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NCT01604317 {published data only}
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NCT02189746 {published data only}
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NCT02250079 {published data only}
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NCT02311972 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review
McCall 2005
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