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Peixin Li Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Medical and Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Zhijian Rao East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Brenton Thomas Laing East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Wyatt Bunner East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Taylor Landry East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Amber Prete East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Yuan Yuan East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Zhong-Tao Zhang Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

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Hu Huang East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Introduction Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) ( Kopelman 2000 ) and an important determinant of cardiovascular disease ( Sharma 2003 ); thus, effective approaches for treating obesity and diabetes are needed. Vertical

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Sami Ayari Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Eva Gil-Iturbe Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Léa le Gléau Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Céline Osinski Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Nathalie Kapel AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Functional Coprology Department, Paris, France

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Hedi Antoine Soula Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Armelle Leturque Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Fabrizio Andreelli Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France
AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Nutrition Department, Paris, France
AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Diabetology-Metabolism Department, Paris, France

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Karine Clément Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France
AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Nutrition Department, Paris, France

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Patricia Serradas Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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Agnès Ribeiro Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches, Paris, France

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. T2D is one of the numerous co-morbidities associated with obesity as well as cardiovascular diseases ( Stahel et al. 2020 ). The duration and the amplitude of the postprandial peak of circulating triglyceride (TG) rich lipoproteins (TRL) from

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Jennifer H Stern Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Gordon I Smith Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

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Shiuwei Chen Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Roger H Unger Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Samuel Klein Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

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Philipp E Scherer Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Introduction Obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is characterized by both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia and is a key risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although abnormalities in insulin action have been

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Zhengxiang Huang School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Lili Huang School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Chengjian Wang School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Shanli Zhu School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Xinzhou Qi School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Yang Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Yanjun Zhang School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Michael A Cowley Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Johannes D Veldhuis Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Introduction Hormonal disturbance, in either secretion amount or function, often occurs in parallel with impairment of glucose/lipid/protein metabolism in obesity. Two pivotal hormones, insulin and growth hormone (GH), which synergistically

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Rebecca M Reynolds University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Adrienne Gordon Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Background Within the current global crisis of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ), women of reproductive age represent a group with the steepest rises in obesity rates over recent decades ( NCD Risk Factor Collaboration 2016 ). In the United Kingdom

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Christy M Gliniak Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States

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Line Pedersen Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States

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Philipp E Scherer Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States

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Introduction By 2030, 51% of the US population will be obese, and 10% of Americans will have a BMI over 40 kg/m 2 if current trends persist ( Finkelstein et al. 2012 ). Prevention or reducing body weight is a critical factor in controlling

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S J Brandt Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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M Kleinert Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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M H Tschöp Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany

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T D Müller Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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Introduction Obesity is a devastating condition of pandemic dimensions. In 2015, there were 107.7 million obese children and 603.7 million obese adults worldwide ( Afshin et al. 2017 ), and this number is expected to rise. Overweight and

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Brenton T Laing Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Khoa Do Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Tomoko Matsubara Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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David W Wert East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Michael J Avery Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Erin M Langdon Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Donghai Zheng Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, Collage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Hu Huang Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, Collage of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

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Introduction Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions in North America, affecting American society with increased morbidity and mortality as well as economic cost ( Kopelman 2000 ). Obesity is usually associated with defects of energy intake

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Ding Xie Department of Family Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Wendy B Bollag Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA

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It is well known that obesity is associated with a number of metabolic end organ dysfunctions, including hypertension. However, less well understood is the mechanism by which obesity leads to elevated blood pressure. Various hypotheses have

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Haiming Cao National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Center for Molecular Medicine, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 8N109, MSC 1760, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Introduction In the past two decades, the world has seen a sustained increase in obesity, and the levels of overweight and obese persons worldwide have reached epidemic proportions ( Finucane et al . 2011 ). It is well established that obesity

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