Maternal diabetes in pregnancy: early and long-term outcomes on the offspring and the concept of "metabolic memory"
- PMID: 22144985
- PMCID: PMC3226356
- DOI: 10.1155/2011/218598
Maternal diabetes in pregnancy: early and long-term outcomes on the offspring and the concept of "metabolic memory"
Abstract
The adverse outcomes on the offspring from maternal diabetes in pregnancy are substantially documented. In this paper, we report main knowledge on impacts of maternal diabetes on early and long-term health of the offspring, with specific comments on maternal obesity. The main adverse outcome on progenies from pregnancy complicated with maternal diabetes appears to be macrosomia, as it is commonly known that intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia increases the risk and programs the offspring to develop diabetes and/or obesity at adulthood. This "fetal programming", due to intrauterine diabetic milieu, is termed as "metabolic memory". In gestational diabetes as well as in macrosomia, the complications include metabolic abnormalities, degraded antioxidant status, disrupted immune system and potential metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. Furthermore, there is evidence that maternal obesity may also increase the risk of obesity and diabetes in offspring. However, women with GDM possibly exhibit greater macrosomia than obese women. Obesity and diabetes in pregnancy have independent and additive effects on obstetric complications, and both require proper management. Management of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal obesity is essential for maternal and offspring's good health. Increasing physical activity, preventing gestational weight gain, and having some qualitative nutritional habits may be beneficial during both the pregnancy and offspring's future life.
Copyright © 2011 A. Yessoufou and K. Moutairou.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3226356/bin/EDR2011-218598.001.gif)
![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3226356/bin/EDR2011-218598.002.gif)
Similar articles
-
Metabolic Culprits in Obese Pregnancies and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Big Babies, Big Twists, Big Picture : The 2018 Norbert Freinkel Award Lecture.Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):718-726. doi: 10.2337/dci18-0048. Diabetes Care. 2019. PMID: 31010942 Free PMC article.
-
Long-term consequences of obesity on female fertility and the health of the offspring.Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun;29(3):180-187. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000364. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017. PMID: 28448277 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Is it time to revisit the Pedersen hypothesis in the face of the obesity epidemic?Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6):479-87. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.039. Epub 2011 Feb 2. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011. PMID: 21288502 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Role of lipids and fatty acids in macrosomic offspring of diabetic pregnancy.Cell Biochem Biophys. 2007;48(2-3):79-88. doi: 10.1007/s12013-007-0019-4. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2007. PMID: 17709877
-
Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus.Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):e290-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-1808. Pediatrics. 2005. PMID: 15741354
Cited by
-
Cost-effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes mellitus: economic evaluation of the TOBOGM study, an international multicenter randomized controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine. 2024 Apr 24;71:102610. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102610. eCollection 2024 May. EClinicalMedicine. 2024. PMID: 38813447 Free PMC article.
-
Long-term effects of gestational diabetes mellitus on the pancreas of female mouse offspring.World J Diabetes. 2024 Apr 15;15(4):758-768. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.758. World J Diabetes. 2024. PMID: 38680692 Free PMC article.
-
A prospective birth cohort study of maternal prenatal cigarette smoking assessed by self-report and biomarkers on childhood risk of overweight or obesity.Precis Nutr. 2022 Dec 7;1(3):e00017. doi: 10.1097/PN9.0000000000000017. eCollection 2022 Dec. Precis Nutr. 2022. PMID: 37744083 Free PMC article.
-
Lights and shadows on the use of metformin in pregnancy: from the preconception phase to breastfeeding and beyond.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jun 20;14:1176623. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1176623. eCollection 2023. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37409227 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Predictive Value of Immune Cells in the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study.Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2022 Feb 18;3:819164. doi: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.819164. eCollection 2022. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2022. PMID: 36992781 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Yessoufou A, Soulaimann N, Merzouk S, et al. N-3 fatty acids modulate antioxidant status in diabetic rats and their macrosomic offspring. International Journal of Obesity. 2006;30(5):739–750. - PubMed
-
- Kamath U, Rao G, Raghothama C, Rai L, Rao P. Erythrocyte indicators of oxidative stress in gestational diabetes. Acta Paediatrica. 1998;87(6):676–679. - PubMed
-
- Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1862–1868. - PubMed
-
- Cox NJ. Maternal component in NIDDM transmission: how large an effect? Diabetes. 1994;43(1):166–168. - PubMed
-
- Simmons D. Diabetes and obesity in pregnancy. Best Practice and Research & Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2011;25(1):25–36. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical