Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance
- PMID: 22735432
- PMCID: PMC3564212
- DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.6607
Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance
Abstract
Context: Reduced energy expenditure following weight loss is thought to contribute to weight gain. However, the effect of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance has not been studied.
Objective: To examine the effects of 3 diets differing widely in macronutrient composition and glycemic load on energy expenditure following weight loss.
Design, setting, and participants: A controlled 3-way crossover design involving 21 overweight and obese young adults conducted at Children's Hospital Boston and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, between June 16, 2006, and June 21, 2010, with recruitment by newspaper advertisements and postings.
Intervention: After achieving 10% to 15% weight loss while consuming a run-in diet, participants consumed an isocaloric low-fat diet (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% from fat, 20% from protein; high glycemic load), low-glycemic index diet (40% from carbohydrate, 40% from fat, and 20% from protein; moderate glycemic load), and very low-carbohydrate diet (10% from carbohydrate, 60% from fat, and 30% from protein; low glycemic load) in random order, each for 4 weeks.
Main outcome measures: Primary outcome was resting energy expenditure (REE), with secondary outcomes of total energy expenditure (TEE), hormone levels, and metabolic syndrome components.
Results: Compared with the pre-weight-loss baseline, the decrease in REE was greatest with the low-fat diet (mean [95% CI], -205 [-265 to -144] kcal/d), intermediate with the low-glycemic index diet (-166 [-227 to -106] kcal/d), and least with the very low-carbohydrate diet (-138 [-198 to -77] kcal/d; overall P = .03; P for trend by glycemic load = .009). The decrease in TEE showed a similar pattern (mean [95% CI], -423 [-606 to -239] kcal/d; -297 [-479 to -115] kcal/d; and -97 [-281 to 86] kcal/d, respectively; overall P = .003; P for trend by glycemic load < .001). Hormone levels and metabolic syndrome components also varied during weight maintenance by diet (leptin, P < .001; 24-hour urinary cortisol, P = .005; indexes of peripheral [P = .02] and hepatic [P = .03] insulin sensitivity; high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, P < .001; non-HDL cholesterol, P < .001; triglycerides, P < .001; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, P for trend = .04; and C-reactive protein, P for trend = .05), but no consistent favorable pattern emerged.
Conclusion: Among overweight and obese young adults compared with pre-weight-loss energy expenditure, isocaloric feeding following 10% to 15% weight loss resulted in decreases in REE and TEE that were greatest with the low-fat diet, intermediate with the low-glycemic index diet, and least with the very low-carbohydrate diet.
Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00315354.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3564212/bin/nihms435831f1.gif)
![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3564212/bin/nihms435831f2.gif)
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3564212/bin/nihms435831f3.gif)
Comment in
-
Diet and exercise for weight loss.JAMA. 2012 Jun 27;307(24):2641-2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.7263. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 22735436 No abstract available.
-
Dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance.JAMA. 2012 Sep 19;308(11):1087; author reply 1088. doi: 10.1001/2012.jama.11611. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 22990253 No abstract available.
-
Dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance.JAMA. 2012 Sep 19;308(11):1087-8; author reply 1088. doi: 10.1001/2012.jama.11617. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 22990254 No abstract available.
-
Dietary composition during weight-loss maintenance.JAMA. 2012 Sep 19;308(11):1088; author reply 1088. doi: 10.1001/2012.jama.11614. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 22990255 No abstract available.
Similar articles
-
Effects of a low carbohydrate diet on energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance: randomized trial.BMJ. 2018 Nov 14;363:k4583. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k4583. BMJ. 2018. PMID: 30429127 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
-
Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss.JAMA. 2004 Nov 24;292(20):2482-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.292.20.2482. JAMA. 2004. PMID: 15562127 Clinical Trial.
-
Effects of high vs low glycemic index of dietary carbohydrate on cardiovascular disease risk factors and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb randomized clinical trial.JAMA. 2014 Dec 17;312(23):2531-41. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.16658. JAMA. 2014. PMID: 25514303 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
-
Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Dec;96(6):1281-98. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044321. Epub 2012 Oct 24. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012. PMID: 23097268 Review.
-
The effects of dietary macronutrient composition on resting energy expenditure following active weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obes Rev. 2024 Aug;25(8):e13760. doi: 10.1111/obr.13760. Epub 2024 May 2. Obes Rev. 2024. PMID: 38697953 Review.
Cited by
-
Adding Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin D to Whey Protein Is More Effective than Protein Alone in Preserving Fat Free Mass and Muscle Strength in the First Month after Sleeve Gastrectomy.Nutrients. 2024 May 11;16(10):1448. doi: 10.3390/nu16101448. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 38794686 Free PMC article.
-
Effects of low-carbohydrate diets, with and without caloric restriction, on inflammatory markers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024 Jul;78(7):569-584. doi: 10.1038/s41430-024-01431-x. Epub 2024 Mar 18. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2024. PMID: 38499791 Review.
-
The Ketone Bridge Between the Heart and the Bladder: How Fast Should We Go?Int Neurourol J. 2024 Feb;28(Suppl 1):2-11. doi: 10.5213/inj.2346250.125. Epub 2024 Feb 29. Int Neurourol J. 2024. PMID: 38461852 Free PMC article.
-
Weight loss outcomes are generally worse for dogs and cats with class II obesity, defined as > 40% overweight.Sci Rep. 2023 Dec 27;13(1):22958. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50197-y. Sci Rep. 2023. PMID: 38151525 Free PMC article.
-
Adherence to ketogenic diet in lifestyle interventions in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes: a scoping review.Nutr Diabetes. 2023 Sep 14;13(1):16. doi: 10.1038/s41387-023-00246-2. Nutr Diabetes. 2023. PMID: 37709770 Free PMC article. Review.
References
-
- Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, Williamson DF. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29:1153–1167. - PubMed
-
- Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:621–628. - PubMed
-
- Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597–1604. - PubMed
-
- Buchholz AC, Schoeller DA. Is a calorie a calorie? Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:899S–906S. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Associated data
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical
Research Materials