Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease
- PMID: 25810418
- PMCID: PMC4402954
- DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00102-14
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease
Abstract
The source of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was traced to wildlife market civets and ultimately to bats. Subsequent hunting for novel coronaviruses (CoVs) led to the discovery of two additional human and over 40 animal CoVs, including the prototype lineage C betacoronaviruses, Tylonycteris bat CoV HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat CoV HKU5; these are phylogenetically closely related to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV, which has affected more than 1,000 patients with over 35% fatality since its emergence in 2012. All primary cases of MERS are epidemiologically linked to the Middle East. Some of these patients had contacted camels which shed virus and/or had positive serology. Most secondary cases are related to health care-associated clusters. The disease is especially severe in elderly men with comorbidities. Clinical severity may be related to MERS-CoV's ability to infect a broad range of cells with DPP4 expression, evade the host innate immune response, and induce cytokine dysregulation. Reverse transcription-PCR on respiratory and/or extrapulmonary specimens rapidly establishes diagnosis. Supportive treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and dialysis is often required in patients with organ failure. Antivirals with potent in vitro activities include neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, antiviral peptides, interferons, mycophenolic acid, and lopinavir. They should be evaluated in suitable animal models before clinical trials. Developing an effective camel MERS-CoV vaccine and implementing appropriate infection control measures may control the continuing epidemic.
Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Figures
![FIG 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070001.gif)
![FIG 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070002.gif)
![FIG 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070003.gif)
![FIG 4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070004.gif)
![None](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070005.gif)
![None](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070006.gif)
![None](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070007.gif)
![None](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070008.gif)
![None](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070009.gif)
![None](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/4402954/bin/zcm0021525070010.gif)
Similar articles
-
Discovery of Novel Bat Coronaviruses in South China That Use the Same Receptor as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus.J Virol. 2018 Jun 13;92(13):e00116-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00116-18. Print 2018 Jul 1. J Virol. 2018. PMID: 29669833 Free PMC article.
-
Rapid detection of MERS coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking MERS coronavirus transmission and animal origin.Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018 Mar 7;7(1):18. doi: 10.1038/s41426-017-0016-7. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018. PMID: 29511173 Free PMC article.
-
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - A Continuing Risk to Global Health Security.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;972:49-60. doi: 10.1007/5584_2016_133. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017. PMID: 27966107 Free PMC article.
-
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): animal to human interaction.Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(8):354-62. doi: 10.1080/20477724.2015.1122852. Pathog Glob Health. 2015. PMID: 26924345 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome vs. the Middle East respiratory syndrome.Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014 May;20(3):233-41. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000046. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014. PMID: 24626235 Review.
Cited by
-
The critical impacts of cytokine storms in respiratory disorders.Heliyon. 2024 Apr 17;10(9):e29769. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29769. eCollection 2024 May 15. Heliyon. 2024. PMID: 38694122 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Comparative Performance in the Detection of Four Coronavirus Genera from Human, Animal, and Environmental Specimens.Viruses. 2024 Mar 29;16(4):534. doi: 10.3390/v16040534. Viruses. 2024. PMID: 38675878 Free PMC article.
-
The gut microbe pair of Oribacterium sp. GMB0313 and Ruminococcus sp. GMB0270 confers complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection by activating CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity.Gut Microbes. 2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2342497. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2342497. Epub 2024 Apr 18. Gut Microbes. 2024. PMID: 38635321 Free PMC article.
-
Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19.Infect Microbes Dis. 2020 Jul 16;2(3):89-95. doi: 10.1097/IM9.0000000000000033. eCollection 2020 Sep. Infect Microbes Dis. 2020. PMID: 38630098 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in South Asian countries: molecular evolutionary model based phylogenetic and mutation analysis.Environ Sustain (Singap). 2021;4(3):533-541. doi: 10.1007/s42398-020-00123-z. Epub 2020 Sep 18. Environ Sustain (Singap). 2021. PMID: 38624491 Free PMC article.
References
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical
Miscellaneous