Prevalence of and factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension among patients with early chronic kidney disease attending tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study
- PMID: 38086591
- PMCID: PMC10729198
- DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074441
Prevalence of and factors associated with uncontrolled hypertension among patients with early chronic kidney disease attending tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study
Abstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and its associated factors among patients with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) attending medical outpatient clinics at tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Two tertiary hospitals in Dodoma, Tanzania.
Participants: The participants in this study were adult patients (≥18 years) with early CKD stages (1, 2 and 3) who were attending nephrology and medical outpatient clinics from November 2020 to March 2021. Patients who had been attending the clinic for at least 3 months, had baseline clinical data on their files, had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and who provided written informed consent were eligible. A total of 352 patients were enrolled, of whom 182 were men and 170 were women.
Outcome measure: The dependent variable was uncontrolled hypertension among patients with early CKD, based on blood pressure measurements.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 58.5% (206 of 352) and the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension was 58.3% (120 of 206). Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, 88.3% (106 of 120) had CKD stage 3, 80.2% (96 of 120) reported non-adherence to antihypertensives, 76.7% (92 of 120) were overweight or obese, 72.5% (87 of 120) reported current alcohol use and 26.7% (32 of 120) had diabetes mellitus. Factors that contributed to higher odds of uncontrolled hypertension were: age ≥50 years (OR=5.17, 95 % CI 2.37 to 13.33, p=0.001), alcohol use (OR=11.21, 95% CI 3.83 to 32.84, p=0.001), non-adherence to antihypertensives (OR=10.19, 95% CI 4.22 to 24.61, p=0.001), overweight/obesity (OR=6.28, 95% CI 2.54 to 15.53, p=0.001) and CKD stage 3 (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.32 to 9.42, p=0.012).
Conclusion: Uncontrolled hypertension was highly prevalent among patients with early CKD in this setting and was associated with age, current alcohol use, non-adherence to antihypertensives, overweight/obesity and declining eGFR.
Keywords: Hypertension; adult nephrology; nephrology.
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: None declared.
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