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EFSA J. 2023 Jun; 21(6): e08061.
Published online 2023 Jun 13. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8061
PMCID: PMC10262070
PMID: 37325259

Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 31 December 2022

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA),corresponding author Davide Gibin, Luca Pasinato, and Alice Delbianco

Abstract

This scientific report provides an update of the Xylella spp. host plant database, aiming to provide information and scientific support to risk assessors, risk managers and researchers dealing with Xylella spp. Upon a mandate of the European Commission, EFSA created and regularly updates a database of host plant species of Xylella spp. The current mandate covers the period 2021–2026. This report is related to the eighth version of the database published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, covering literature published from 1 July 2022 up to 31 December 2022, and recent Europhyt outbreak notifications. Informative data have been extracted from 21 selected publications. Twelve new host plants were identified and added to the database. Nine plant species were reported from Portugal and naturally infected by subsp. multiplex or unknown (i.e. not reported). Three plant species were successfully artificially infected by subsp. fastidiosa. No additional data were retrieved for X. taiwanensis, and no additional STs were identified worldwide. New information on the tolerant/resistant response of plant species to X. fastidiosa infection were added to the database. The overall number of Xylella spp. host plants determined with at least two different detection methods or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation) reaches now 433 plant species, 197 genera and 68 families. Such numbers rise to 690 plant species, 306 genera and 88 families if considered regardless of the detection methods applied.

Keywords: Xylella spp., Xylella fastidiosa, host plants, database, data extraction, subspecies, sequence types

1. Introduction

1.1. Background and terms of reference as provided by the requestor

In the context of Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, EFSA was asked by the European Commission DG SANTE to provide technical assistance in the field of plant health as regards the regulated harmful organism Xylella fastidiosa, as per letter to EFSA's Director dated 30 June 2016 (Reference ARES (2016) 3126989).

EFSA was requested to further specify and update the host plants database of X. fastidiosa available in 2016 (EFSA, 2016) taking into account the different X. fastidiosa subspecies and strains (with particular reference to the European isolates), with the inclusion of information on non‐susceptible plants and varieties and negative results of diagnostic tests when available. EFSA was requested to maintain and update this database periodically and to make new releases available on the EFSA website, together with a Scientific Report. The database should focus on plants confirmed to be infected by at least two detection methods in field conditions or via vector transmission under experimental conditions. Such request was for the period 2016–2020.

This mandate was extended by the European Commission DG SANTE for the period 2021–2026, with the aim to continue the update of that database. EFSA is requested to deliver two updates per year of the database.

1.2. Interpretation of the terms of reference

EFSA delivered in September 2018 a renovated database of host plants of Xylella spp., taking into account both species of the genus Xylella (X. fastidiosa and X. taiwanensis) (EFSA, 2018), which was last updated in January 2023 (EFSA, 2023). Raw data and interactive reports were published in Zenodo 1 in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community and in Microstrategy 2 platform, together with a Scientific Report.

As per terms of reference (ToR), EFSA was requested to maintain and update the Xylella spp. host plant database for the period 2021–2026, and to publish new releases online together with a report twice per year. This scientific report provides a new update on the database of host plants of Xylella spp. published in January 2023 (EFSA, 2023). An extensive literature search was conducted to retrieve recent publications on the topic and new informative data on host plant species of Xylella spp. were collected. Such report provides information on the literature review and a detailed view on the currently known host plants of Xylella spp.

2. Data and methodologies

The methodologies developed for the Xylella spp. host plant database published in 2018 (EFSA, 2018) were applied in this report.

The process was divided in the following steps:

  • Extensive literature search to identify relevant references.
  • Selection of studies based on title, abstract and full text.
  • Data extraction of relevant information.
  • Data analysis and reporting.

2.1. Extensive literature search

The review question, ‘Which plant species can host Xylella / Xylella associated disease?’ was broken down into key stages using the P/O conceptual model described in the EFSA systematic review guidance (EFSA, 2010):

  • Population of interest (P)

The population of interest is that of plant species, worldwide.

  • Outcome (condition of interest) (O)

The outcome (condition of interest) is that of Xylella spp. infection.

Two main elements were considered for the extensive literature search: The sources of information (Table 1) to be consulted and the search strategy (Table 2).

Table 1

Sources of information

DatabasePlatform
ScopusScopus
BIOSIS Citation IndexWeb of Science
CABI: CAB Abstracts®
Chinese Science Citation DatabaseSM
Current Contents Connect
FSTA® – the food science resource
KCI‐Korean Journal Database
MEDLINE®
Russian Science Citation Index
SciELO Citation Index
Web of Science Core Collection
  • Science Citation Index Expanded
  • Social Sciences Citation Index
  • Arts & Humanities Citation Index
  • Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Science
  • Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Social Science & Humanities
  • Book Citation Index – Science
  • Book Citation Index – Social Sciences & Humanities
  • Emerging Sources Citation Index
  • Current Chemical Reactions
  • Index Chemicus
Zoological Record

Table 2

Search strings and results

PlatformQueryResults
Scopus(TITLE‐ABS‐KEY (xylella OR xyllela OR xylela OR (pierce* W/2 disease) OR (((plum OR plums) AND “leaf scald*”)) OR ((phony W/2 (peach* OR disease*))) OR ((citrus AND variegat* AND chlorosis)) OR crespera OR “almond leaf scorch*” OR “bacterial leaf scorch*” OR “coffee leaf scorch*” OR “mulberry leaf scorch*” OR “oleander leaf scorch*” OR “sycamore leaf scorch*” OR “Periwinkle wilt” OR “Ragweed stunt” OR ((olive W/50 “quick decline syndrome”)) OR “Xylem inhabiting bacteri*” OR “Xylem limited bacteri*” OR fxib OR fxjb OR “rickettsialike bacteri*” OR “rickettsia like bacteri*”)) AND (ORIG‐LOAD‐DATE > 20220701 AND ORIG‐LOAD‐DATE < 20221231))69
Web of ScienceTS=(xylella OR xyllela OR xylela OR (pierce* NEAR/2 disease) OR (((Plum OR plums) AND “leaf scald*”)) OR ((Phony NEAR/2 (peach* OR disease*))) OR ((citrus AND variegat* AND chlorosis)) OR crespera OR “almond leaf scorch*” OR “bacterial leaf scorch*” OR “coffee leaf scorch*” OR “mulberry leaf scorch*” OR “oleander leaf scorch*” OR “sycamore leaf scorch*” OR “Periwinkle wilt” OR “Ragweed stunt” OR ((Olive NEAR “quick decline syndrome”)) OR “Xylem inhabiting bacteri*” OR “Xylem limited bacteri*” OR FXIB OR FXJB OR “rickettsialike bacteri*” OR “rickettsia like bacteri*”)95

2.1.1. Information sources

The search strategy was run in all databases listed in Table 1 via the Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) and Scopus platforms with no language or document type restriction.

2.1.2. Search terms

The syntax of the search string, developed for the Xylella spp. host plants database published in 2018 (EFSA, 2018), was adapted and run into each platform databases listed in Table 1 on 1 February 2023. As the scope of the search was to retrieve references published after June 2022, the selected time span was from 1 July 2022 up to 31 December 2022. The search strings and the number of retrieved references are shown in Table 2.

The collected references were downloaded and imported into an EndNote X9 library (Clarivate Analytics). Duplicates and references already included in the update published in January 2023 (EFSA, 2023) were removed using EndNote X9 and the remaining references were uploaded on DistillerSR online 3 together with the full texts in portable document format (pdf).

Twenty‐four Europhyt outbreak notifications 4 (accessed on 1 March 2023) were also included.

2.2. Study selection

The collected references were screened for relevance in two steps:

  1. Title and abstract screening.
  2. Full‐text screening of the references that passed the first step.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied in each step and two reviewers worked in parallel screening the references.

The first step required the reviewers to answer two questions, listed in Table 3, considering only title and abstract of the references. The aim of this step was to select only references presenting original research data on Xylella or Xylella‐associated disease.

Table 3

Inclusion/exclusion criteria for title and abstract screening

Question textType of answerAnswer textExclusion criteria
Is Xylella/a Xylella associated disease/a Xylella synonym the topic of the study?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesIncluded
NoExcluded
Is it a primary research study?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesIncluded
NoExcluded

The references that passed the first step, were submitted to the full text screening. This second step required the reviewers to answer four questions (Table 4): three of them are descriptive (neutral) whereas the fourth has an inclusion/exclusion role.

Table 4

Inclusion/exclusion criteria at full text screening

Question textType of answerAnswer textExclusion criteria
Is an English abstract present?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesNeutral
NoNeutral
Which is the type of the publication?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedPeer‐reviewed articleNeutral
ArticleNeutral
BookNeutral
Conference proceedingsNeutral
AbstractNeutral
Technical publication/ReportNeutral
OtherNeutral
Is the Xylella host plant the main scope of the study?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesNeutral
NoNeutral
Is Xylella/a Xylella‐associated disease/a Xylella synonym studied in association with a host plant?Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selectedYesIncluded
NoExcluded

2.3. Data extraction

Informative data listed in Table 5 were extracted from the selected references. For each reference, the first reviewer performed the data extraction whereas the second reviewer conducted the quality check of the extracted data. Data extraction from each reference can generate one or several records. A record is defined as a unique combination of data related to a detection event, and it corresponds to a single Excel row of the files published in Zenodo (see Section 2.4.1).

Table 5

Data extraction structure

Extracted dataDescription
General information In this section, the general information about the study is reported
RecordIDUnique number allocated to each row
RefIDUnique number allocated to each reference within the DistillerSR software
ReferenceFull reference
Publication yearYear of the publication
Starting yearStarting year of the study, as reported in the publication
Ending yearEnding year of the study, as reported in the publication
Botanical identification The botanical identification of the plant, both as reported in the publication and according to the updated taxonomy of the EPPO Global Database, (a) is reported in this section
Plant EPPO codeEPPO code of the plant species, from the EPPO global database. (a) For plant species not present in the EPPO global database, a new code was created in the EFSA catalogue.
Plant familyPlant family, from the EPPO global database (a)
Plant genusPlant genus, from the EPPO global database (a)
Plant speciesPlant species, from the EPPO global database (a)
Reported plant speciesName of the plant species as reported in the publication
Common nameCommon name of the plant species, as reported in the publication
CultivarCultivar or plant variety, as reported in the publication
Infection information Detailed information about the infection and location of the plant is reported in this section
Infection method (Level 1)The infection of the plant can be natural, artificial or not specified
Infection method (Level 2)

Subcategories of natural infection: during survey activity, during research activity. ‘Research activity’ is used when plants are planted under natural inoculum pressure and infection development was monitored without interfering.

Subcategories of artificial infection: mechanical inoculation (detailed at level 3a), vector transmission (detailed at level 3b)

Mechanical inoculation (Level 3a)Subcategories of mechanical inoculation: budding, grafting, needle, root uptake, stem absorption, syringe
Infection vector species (Level 3b)Insect species used in artificial vector transmission
Location typeThe place where the plant was placed: natural habitat, greenhouse, screenhouse, interception, not specified
Geographic information In this section, the geographical location of the plant is reported, as detailed as possible. In case of intercepted plants, the reported location is the geographical origin of the plant and not the country and location where it was intercepted.
Country codeFrom the EFSA catalogue, based on NUTS (Eurostat) and GAUL (FAO) territorial unit nomenclature
CountryFrom the EFSA catalogue, based on NUTS (Eurostat) and GAUL (FAO) territorial unit nomenclature
LocationLocation description (state/region/province/municipality) from the EFSA catalogue, based on NUTS (Eurostat) and GAUL (FAO) territorial unit nomenclature
Additional LocationAdditional information on the location, as reported in the publication
Coordinates precisionCoordinates as reported in the publication
LatitudeLatitude, as reported in the publication
LongitudeLongitude, as reported in the publication
Pest description Information about the pest is reported in this section, together with genetic data
Pest EPPO codeEPPO code of the pest, from the EPPO global database (a)
Pest speciesName of Xylella spp., from the EPPO global database (a)
Pest subspecies Xylella fastidiosa subspecies, from the EPPO global database. (a) If the subspecies is inferred from another publication, a note is added to comment on the genotyping
Reported pestName of Xylella spp. as reported in the publication. Names used before the genus Xylella was established (up to 1987): Alfalfa dwarf virus, Morus suffodiens virus, Phony peach bacterium, Pierce's disease bacterium, Pierce's disease virus, Rickettsia‐like bacteria, Rod‐shaped bacteria, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria. Names used from 1987 (when the genus Xylella was established): Xylella fastidiosa, Xylella taiwanensis
DiseaseName of the disease caused by Xylella spp., as reported in the publication: Alfalfa dwarf, Almond leaf scorch, Bacterial leaf scorch, Blueberry bacterial leaf scorch, Citrus variegated chlorosis, Coffee leaf scorch, Coffee stem atrophy, Crespera, Elm leaf scorch, Leaf scorch disease, Mulberry leaf scorch, Oleander leaf scorch, Olive quick decline syndrome, Pear leaf scorch, Pecan bacterial leaf scorch, Periwinkle wilt, Phony peach disease, Pierce's disease, Plum leaf scald, Potato purple top disease, Ragweed stunt, Sweetgum dieback, Sycamore leaf scorch
StrainName of the strain of Xylella spp., as reported in the publication
MLST (Multilocus sequence type)Sequence type (ST) of Xylella fastidiosa, as reported in the publication. If the ST is inferred from another publication, a note is added in the genotyping comment
Genotyping commentComment or additional information regarding the pest
Methods of identification In this section, the identification methods applied to detect Xylella spp. infection are listed. Eight detection methods were considered and for each of them, the outcome of the analysis (positive or negative), together with the number of infected plants and the total number of analysed plants, were reported. Moreover, additional information could be added in the comment column beside each detection method
SymptomsObservation of symptoms in the plant, as reported in the publication
Symptoms expression in test plantsObservation of symptom development in test plants after an attempt to transmit the pathogen through vectors
CulturePure culture isolation (i.e. isolation of cultivable bacteria from tissue samples on solid culture media)
MicroscopyObservation of Xylella spp. bacteria through microscopic analysis techniques
ELISAEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Other immunological techniquesImmunological techniques other than ELISA
PCR‐based methodsPolymerase chain reaction‐based methods (PCR, nested PCR, qPCR, etc.)
SequencingSequence analysis
Host status Information about the tolerance and resistance response of the plant
Tolerance/Resistance reportedTolerant/resistant status of the plant, as reported in the publication
Tolerance/Resistance categoryCategories describing the response of the tolerant/resistant plant: lack of infection or negative reading, lack of systemic movement, lack or reduction of symptoms, lack or reduction of symptoms – lower bacterial population, lack or reduction of symptoms – lower bacterial population – lower disease incidence, lack or reduction of symptoms – lower disease incidence, lower bacterial population, lower bacterial population – lower disease incidence, lower disease incidence, infection not persistent, reported as tolerant/resistant (no details)
Tolerance/Resistance commentComment on the tolerant/resistant response of the plant, as reported in the publication
Additional information
CommentAdditional relevant information or comment on the study
Confirmed record‘Yes’ for confirmed records, ‘No’ for unconfirmed/dubious records. Unconfirmed records were included in the data extraction but excluded from the data analysis

2.4. Data warehouse

A harmonised data model has been established to collect data on Xylella spp. host plants. The aim was to establish a harmonised data flow for the collection and the collation of an extensive literature review generated data in the plant health domain. Data are stored in EFSA Scientific Data Warehouse (S‐DWH), after that an ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) procedure is applied in order to harmonise and calculated the statistics.

2.4.1. Data management

The collected data have been submitted to the EFSA Data Collection Framework (DCF). DCF is the upfront system in the EFSA pipeline of data collection tools and allows a first step of harmonisation against the EFSA controlled reference terminology (aka EFSA catalogues). Data have been then included in the S‐DWH by means of a standardised Extract Transform Load (ETL) procedure and they have been further analysed and managed to generate needed statistics.

Data are available as interactive reports on the Microstrategy platform at the following link: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, this report refers to version 8 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1339343).

2.4.2. Data reporting

Data reporting was designed to distinguish the Xylella spp. host plant species, based on the number and type of detection methods applied for each finding. Different combinations of detection methods were considered:

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positive plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation).

3. Results

3.1. Results of the literature review

The extensive literature search was conducted on 1 February 2023 on Web of Science and Scopus platforms and 164 references were collected. Duplicates and references already included in EFSA (2023) were removed and 111 references were uploaded in DistillerSR and screened for relevance. Results of the screening process are shown in Figure 1.

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is EFS2-21-e08061-g001.jpg

Flow diagram of the screening process

In the first step, i.e. title and abstract screening, 68 references were excluded either because they do not focus on Xylella or Xylella‐associated diseases and/or they are not primary research studies. The selected 43 references were subjected to the second step of the screening process, i.e. the full‐text screening. Twenty‐one references, in which Xylella spp. are studied in association with a host plant, were selected. Twenty‐four Europhyt outbreak notifications 5 containing informative data were also included in the data extraction. Totally, 45 references (listed in Appendix E) were included in this update of the database and from which informative data listed in Table 5 were extracted.

3.2. Update of records already included in the database

Scientific names of plant species, genera and families are reported, as far as possible, according to the taxonomy of the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, 2023) that is constantly being updated. Therefore, changes of scientific names of plant species, genera and families in the Xylella spp. host plant database are related to the update of the taxonomy in the EPPO Global Database.

Records referring to Europhyt outbreak notifications, that may contain incomplete data, are updated whenever additional information (e.g. further identification of the plant species, X. fastidiosa subspecies, ST) become available. The plant species Rhamnus sp. (EPPO code ‘RHASS’) and Spartium sp. (‘SPUSS’) reported in Europhyt outbreak notification n. 1157 (Update 4) have been modified in Rhamnus alaternus (‘RHAAL’) and Spartium junceum (‘SPUJU’), respectively, following communication received by the French NPPO.

3.3. Host plant species of Xylella spp.

The updated numbers of host plant species, genera and families (according to the different categories reported in Section 2.4.2) are reported in Figure 2 and Table 6. The number of plant species raised to 433 according to category A [i.e. plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among: symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between: sequencing, pure culture isolation)] to 690 plant species of category E (i.e. all positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods).

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.
Object name is EFS2-21-e08061-g002.jpg

Number of host plant species according to the different categories (as described in Section 2.4.2). Plant species in category A are included in category B; plant species in category B are included in category C; plant species in category C are included in category D; plant species in category D are included in category E

Table 6

Number of host plant species, genera and families of Xylella spp. according to categories A, B, C, D, E (based on the detection methods applied – see Section 2.4.2)

ABCDE
Number of host plant species 433438675684690
Number of host plant genera 197198305305306
Number of host plant families 6868888888

Compared to the previous update of the database published in January 2023 (EFSA, 2023), 12 plant species (and two genera) were identified as new hosts of X. fastidiosa. Those plant species and genera were not previously reported in the database. Details of those new hosts of X. fastidiosa are summarised in Table 7.

Table 7

New host plants of X. fastidiosa. For each host plant, the infection method, the country, the X. fastidiosa subspecies and the category (see Section 2.4.2) are reported. New plant species and new genera are highlighted in bold

Plant EPPO codePlant familyPlant genusPlant speciesInfection methodCountryXf subspeciesCategory
CSNSAFagaceae Castanea Castanea sativa NaturalPortugalunknownA
GENTRFabaceaeGenista Genista triacanthos NaturalPortugalunknownA
GRERSProteaceaeGrevillea Grevillea rosmarinifolia NaturalPortugalunknownA
LONPECaprifoliaceaeLonicera Lonicera periclymenum NaturalPortugal multiplex A
MENSULamiaceaeMentha Mentha suaveolens NaturalPortugalunknownA
PLTHYPlatanaceaePlatanus Platanus × hispanica NaturalPortugalunknownA
POPTRSalicaceaePopulus Populus tremula Artificial fastidiosa A
POPCNSalicaceaePopulus Populus × canescens Artificial fastidiosa C
PYECORosaceae Pyracantha Pyracantha coccinea NaturalPortugalunknownA
QUEPNFagaceaeQuercus Quercus pyrenaica NaturalPortugalunknownA
SAXCPSalicaceaeSalix Salix caprea Artificial fastidiosa C
ULEMCFabaceaeUlex Ulex micranthus NaturalPortugalunknownA

Nine new plant species have been found to be naturally infected. All of them have were reported infected by X. fastidiosa in Portugal. The subspecies identified in those plants was multiplex (one plant species) or unknown (eight plant species). Artificial infection with X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa has been successful in three new plant species belonging to Salicaceae family.

The overall number of host plant species infected naturally, artificially and in unspecified conditions by the different X. fastidiosa subspecies and according to the different categories is reported in Tables 8, ,99 and and10.10. The plant species behind the numbers shown in those tables are listed in Appendicies A, B and C. In those appendices, the full lists of plant species infected by the different X. fastidiosa subspecies naturally, artificially and in not specified conditions according to the five categories are shown.

Table 8

Number of host plant species, naturally infected, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as described in Section 2.4.2)

Category fastidiosa fastidiosa_sandyi morus multiplex pauca sandyi tashke unknown
A58242135571182
B58242135571187
C61242215981386
D61242215981392
E61242215981403

Table 9

Number of host plant species, artificially infected, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as described in Section 2.4.2)

Category fastidiosa morus multiplex pauca sandyi tashke unknown
A42219205089
B43219215094
C8223533111202
D8223533111208
E8323633111216

Table 10

Number of host plant species, infected in unspecified conditions, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as described in Section 2.4.2)

Category astidiosa multiplex pauca sandyi unknown
A7138116
B7138118
C7168227
D7168229
E7168231

The highest number of plant species naturally infected is still recorded for X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex (213 according to category A, up to 221 for category E), followed by subsp. fastidiosa and subsp. pauca. In artificial infection, 42 plant species (category A and 83 for category E) were successfully infected by X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. Twenty plant species were artificially infected by subsp. pauca and 19 by subsp. multiplex (category A), up to 33 and 36 for category E (for pauca and multiplex, respectively).

No new host plants were reported for the pathogen species Xylella taiwanensis, that so far was recorded only in Pyrus pyrifolia plants.

3.4. X. fastidiosa sequence types and host plants association

The full list of plant species infected by the different X. fastidiosa sequence types (ST) under natural, artificial and unspecified conditions is reported in Appendix D. For each plant species, the number of records 6 reporting infection by a specific ST is counted. For natural infection, the country where the plant species have been identified is also reported, whereas for artificial and unspecified infection only the total number of records is presented in the appendix.

Totally, 2,493 records reporting information on 265 plant species infected by 89 different STs have been reported in the database. No additional STs have been identified compared to the previous version of the database (EFSA, 2023). Most of the records (1,793) refer to natural infections that were reported in North, Central and South America (United States of America, Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Brazil and Argentina), Asia (Israel) and Europe (Portugal, Spain, France and Italy). The highest number of records for artificial infections belongs to STs of subsp. fastidiosa and pauca, with 256 records registered for both subspecies. While ST1 (subsp. fastidiosa) remains the most used ST in artificial infections, now with 250 records, ST53 (subsp. pauca) is the most reported genotype in natural infections (475).

3.5. Tolerant and resistant responses of plant species

Information on tolerant and resistant response of plant species to X. fastidiosa infection have also been reported in the database. The list of plant genera and species for which tolerant and resistant response has been identified is reported in Table 11. Fifteen additional records that include this information have been inserted in the database compared to the previous version (EFSA, 2023). Information on tolerant/resistant status is available for 73 plant species with a total number of 728 records. The most studied genera remains Vitis, Citrus and Prunus (417, 175 and 70 records, respectively), confirming the important economic value of these crop plant species.

Table 11

Number of records reporting tolerant/resistant response for plant genus and species

Plant genus and speciesNumber of records
Arabidopsis 4
Arabidopsis thaliana 4
Citrus 175
Citrus celebica 1
Citrus clementina 4
Citrus jambhiri 2
Citrus junos 1
Citrus latifolia 1
Citrus limettioides 1
Citrus limon 14
Citrus medica 1
Citrus natsudaidai 1
Citrus paradisi 5
Citrus reticulata 9
Citrus reticulata × C. sinensis × C. paradisi 1
Citrus sinensis 8
Citrus sp.70
Citrus tangerina 32
Citrus × nobilis 11
Citrus × tangelo 13
Coffea 5
Coffea arabica 4
Coffea sp.1
Fortunella 1
Fortunella margarita 1
Medicago 2
Medicago sativa 2
Olea 36
Olea europaea 36
Platanus 2
Platanus sp.2
Poncirus 3
Poncirus trifoliata 3
Populus 1
Populus × canescens 1
Prunus 70
Prunus angustifolia 1
Prunus armeniaca 3
Prunus avium 5
Prunus cerasus 2
Prunus domestica 3
Prunus dulcis 18
Prunus persica 7
Prunus salicina 14
Prunus sp.15
Prunus × amygdalo‐persica 2
Quercus 2
Quercus ilex 2
Vaccinium 10
Vaccinium corymbosum 6
Vaccinium sp.4
Vitis 417
Vitis aestivalis 4
Vitis arizonica 104
Vitis arizonica hybrid6
Vitis arizonica × V. rupestris 6
Vitis arizonica × V. vinifera 1
Vitis arizonica/candicans 3
Vitis arizonica/candicans × V. rupestris 2
Vitis arizonica/girdiana 1
Vitis berlandieri 9
Vitis berlandieri × riparia hybrids 6
Vitis berlandieri × V. rupestris 4
Vitis candicans 23
Vitis champinii × (V. solonis × V. othello)1
Vitis cinerea 7
Vitis cinerea × V. berlandieri 2
Vitis girdiana 20
Vitis monticola 4
Vitis munsoniana 3
Vitis popenoei 1
Vitis riparia 19
Vitis rotundifolia 58
Vitis rotundifolia × V. rupestris 1
Vitis simpsonii 1
Vitis sp.76
Vitis tiliaefolia 1
Vitis treleasei 6
Vitis vinifera 25
Vitis vinifera hybrid6
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana 4
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana × V. simpsonii 4
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana × V. vinifera 1
Vitis nesbittiana 2
Vitis rufotomentosa 1
Vitis shuttleworthii 5
Grand total 728

To the aim of this study, different tolerant/resistant response to X. fastidiosa infection has been grouped into 11 categories, as reported in Table 12. Those categories include the plant response/s for which the authors of the publication considered that plant as tolerant/resistant to X. fastidiosa infection. One hundred and thirty‐eight publications, which match 728 records, for the most part (457) reporting artificial infections, return information on tolerance and resistance outcome to X. fastidiosa infection. In 46 publications, the authors consider the plant tolerant or resistant, but without adding further details, whereas in 24 publications (and 243 records), the plant is designated tolerant or resistant based on a lower bacterial population it harbours. In 235 cases, this finding comes from artificial infections. The lack of infection and the lack or reduction of symptoms (78 records in each case) are the two most reported tolerant/resistant outcomes in natural infections.

Table 12

Number of records and publications for tolerance/resistance category

Tolerance/resistance categoryNumber of recordsNumber of publications
Artificial infectionNatural infectionInfection not specified
Lack of infection or negative reading437815
Lack of systemic movement529
Lack or reduction of symptoms827813
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population201417
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population ‐ Lower disease incidence223
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower disease incidence21
Lower bacterial population235824
Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence33
Lower disease incidence64
Not persistent infection533
Reported as tolerant/resistant_no details18284946
Total 457 222 49 138

4. Conclusions

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to create, maintain and regularly update a database of host plant species of Xylella spp. This scientific report summarises the most interesting information reported in the new version of the database (version 8).

An extensive literature search was performed including all scientific papers published up to 31 December 2022, as well as additional Europhyt outbreak notifications (last accessed on 1 March 2023).

By these searches, 45 publications were selected and informative data were extracted. Twelve host plant species and two genera were identified as new hosts of X. fastidiosa. Those plant species and genera were not previously reported as hosts of X. fastidiosa. Nine new plant species (Castanea sativa, Genista triacanthos, Grevillea rosmarinifolia, Lonicera periclymenum, Mentha suaveolens, Platanus × hispanica, Pyracantha coccinea, Quercus pyrenaica, Ulex micranthus) have been found to be naturally infected by X. fastidiosa subspecies multiplex or unknown (i.e. not reported) in Portugal. Three new plant species (Populus tremula, Populus × canescens, Salix caprea) were successfully artificially infected by X. fastidiosa subspecies fastidiosa. No new data was retrieved for X. taiwanensis.

Compared to the previous version of the database (EFSA, 2023), no additional STs have been identified worldwide. Information on tolerant/resistant status were reported for 73 plant species in 138 publications, with a total number of 728 records. The most studied and reported plant taxa are still the economically important genera Citrus, Prunus and Vitis.

The overall number of Xylella spp. host plants reaches now 433 plant species, 197 genera and 68 families for category A [i.e. plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among: symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation)], till 690 plant species, 303 genera and 88 families for category E (i.e. all positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods).

A further update of the EFSA database on Xylella spp. host plants is planned for January 2024 with the aim to provide useful information and scientific support to risk assessors, risk managers and researchers dealing with Xylella spp.

Data are available as interactive reports on the Microstrategy platform at the following link: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, this report refers to version 8 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1339343).

Abbreviations

DCF
Data Collection Framework
EFSA PLH Panel
EFSA Panel on Plant Health
ELISA
enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
EPPO
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
ETL
Extract Transform Load
PCR
polymerase chain reaction
S‐DWH
EFSA Scientific Data Warehouse
ST
sequence type

Appendix A – Host plant species naturally infected

1.

List of host plant species, naturally infected, of X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported in the publication), subsp. fastidiosa, subsp. fastidiosa/sandyi, subsp. morus, subsp. multiplex, subsp. pauca, subsp. sandyi, subsp. tashke and X. taiwanensis according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as reported in Section 2.4.2):

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among: symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between: sequencing, pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among: microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between: sequencing, pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among: symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation).

NPlant EPPO codePlant speciesPestCategory
1ACADA Acacia dealbata Xf subsp. unknownA
2ACASA Acacia saligna Xf subsp. unknownA
3ACRRB Acer rubrum Xf subsp. unknownA
4ALBJU Albizia julibrissin Xf subsp. unknownA
5AMARE Amaranthus retroflexus Xf subsp. unknownA
6AMBPS Ambrosia psilostachya Xf subsp. unknownA
7AMBTR Ambrosia trifida Xf subsp. unknownA
8AMCAR Ampelopsis arborea Xf subsp. unknownA
9AMCBR Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Xf subsp. unknownA
10AMCBH Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. hancei Xf subsp. unknownA
11ASPAC Asparagus acutifolius Xf subsp. unknownA
12BACHA Baccharis halimifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
13BACSS Baccharis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
14BRSSS Brassica sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
15CLIAM Callicarpa americana Xf subsp. unknownA
16CUNVU Calluna vulgaris Xf subsp. unknownA
17CYAAQ Carya aquatica Xf subsp. unknownA
18CYACA Carya cathayensis Xf subsp. unknownA
19CYACO Carya cordiformis Xf subsp. unknownA
20CYAFL Carya floridana Xf subsp. unknownA
21CYAGL Carya glabra Xf subsp. unknownA
22CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
23CYALA Carya laciniosa Xf subsp. unknownA
24CYAPA Carya pallida Xf subsp. unknownA
25CC275A Carya palmeri Xf subsp. unknownA
26CYATO Carya tomentosa Xf subsp. unknownA
27CSNSA Castanea sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
28CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. unknownA
29CCSOC Cercis occidentalis Xf subsp. unknownA
30CASFA Chamaecrista fasciculata Xf subsp. unknownA
31CIORE Chionanthus retusus Xf subsp. unknownA
32CXKTA Chitalpa tashkentensis Xf subsp. unknownA
33CSTIC Cistus creticus Xf subsp. unknownA
34CIDAU Citrus aurantium Xf subsp. unknownA
35CIDCE Citrus celebica Xf subsp. unknownA
36CIDJA Citrus jambhiri Xf subsp. unknownA
37CIDLI Citrus limon Xf subsp. unknownA
38CIDME Citrus medica Xf subsp. unknownA
39CIDNA Citrus natsudaidai Xf subsp. unknownA
40CIDPA Citrus paradisi Xf subsp. unknownA
41CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. unknownA
42CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
43CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
44CIDTG Citrus tangerina Xf subsp. unknownA
45CIDNO Citrus × nobilis Xf subsp. unknownA
46CIDRP Citrus × tangelo Xf subsp. unknownA
47CGACY Coelorachis cylindrica Xf subsp. unknownA
48COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. unknownA
49COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
50COIMA Conium maculatum Xf subsp. unknownA
51CDTSE Cortaderia selloana Xf subsp. unknownA
52CZSSS Cytisus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
53DIGSS Digitaria sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
54DOSKA Diospyros kaki Xf subsp. unknownA
55DPYPA Diplocyclos palmatus Xf subsp. unknownA
56DODVI Dodonaea viscosa Xf subsp. unknownA
57EPHTE Euphorbia terracina Xf subsp. unknownA
58FAUCR Fagus crenata Xf subsp. unknownA
59FATJA Fatsia japonica Xf subsp. unknownA
60FIUCA Ficus carica Xf subsp. unknownA
61RHAFR Frangula alnus Xf subsp. unknownA
62FRXAN Fraxinus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
63FRXPE Fraxinus pennsylvanica Xf subsp. unknownA
64GENTR Genista triacanthos Xf subsp. unknownA
65GIKBI Ginkgo biloba Xf subsp. unknownA
66GLITR Gleditsia triacanthos Xf subsp. unknownA
67CC278A Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Xf subsp. unknownA
68GREJU Grevillea juniperina Xf subsp. unknownA
69GRERS Grevillea rosmarinifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
70HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. unknownA
71HECIT Helichrysum italicum Xf subsp. unknownA
72HEGSS Hemerocallis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
73HIBSH Hibiscus schizopetalus Xf subsp. unknownA
74HIBSY Hibiscus syriacus Xf subsp. unknownA
75HUMJA Humulus scandens Xf subsp. unknownA
76ILEVO Ilex vomitoria Xf subsp. unknownA
77IVAAN Iva annua Xf subsp. unknownA
78IACMI Jacaranda mimosifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
79IUGSS Juglans sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
80IUPAS Juniperus ashei Xf subsp. unknownA
81LAEIN Lagerstroemia indica Xf subsp. unknownA
82LAESS Lagerstroemia sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
83LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. unknownA
84LAVAN Lavandula angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
85LAVDE Lavandula dentata Xf subsp. unknownA
86LAVSS Lavandula sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
87LAVST Lavandula stoechas Xf subsp. unknownA
88LIGLU Ligustrum lucidum Xf subsp. unknownA
89LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. unknownA
90LONJA Lonicera japonica Xf subsp. unknownA
91LUPAD Lupinus aridorum Xf subsp. unknownA
92LUPVI Lupinus villosus Xf subsp. unknownA
93MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. unknownA
94MLLPA Mallotus paniculatus Xf subsp. unknownA
95MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
96MENSU Mentha suaveolens Xf subsp. unknownA
97MIMSS Mimosa sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
98MODCA Modiola caroliniana Xf subsp. unknownA
99MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. unknownA
100MORRU Morus rubra Xf subsp. unknownA
101MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
102MYMIN Myoporum insulare Xf subsp. unknownA
103MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. unknownA
104NANDO Nandina domestica Xf subsp. unknownA
105NPTLU Neptunia lutea Xf subsp. unknownA
106NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. unknownA
107OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. unknownA
108OLVES Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris Xf subsp. unknownA
109OLVSS Olea sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
110PRTQU Parthenocissus quinquefolia Xf subsp. unknownA
111PASDI Paspalum dilatatum Xf subsp. unknownA
112CC135A Periwinkle (common name) Xf subsp. unknownA
113PEBAM Persea americana Xf subsp. unknownA
114PHXRE Phoenix reclinata Xf subsp. unknownA
115PHXRO Phoenix roebelenii Xf subsp. unknownA
116PIUTD Pinus taeda Xf subsp. unknownA
117PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. unknownA
118PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
119PLTHY Platanus × hispanica Xf subsp. unknownA
120POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
121PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. unknownA
122PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. unknownA
123CC209A Prunus cerasifera × P. munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownA
124PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. unknownA
125PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. unknownA
126PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. unknownA
127PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
128PTEAQ Pteridium aquilinum Xf subsp. unknownA
129PYECO Pyracantha coccinea Xf subsp. unknownA
130PYUPY Pyrus pyrifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
131PYUSS Pyrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
132QUECO Quercus coccinea Xf subsp. unknownA
133QUEFC Quercus falcata Xf subsp. unknownA
134QUELA Quercus laevis Xf subsp. unknownA
135QUELF Quercus laurifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
136QUENI Quercus nigra Xf subsp. unknownA
137QUEPA Quercus palustris Xf subsp. unknownA
138QUEPN Quercus pyrenaica Xf subsp. unknownA
139QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. unknownA
140QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
141QUESU Quercus suber Xf subsp. unknownA
142QUEVE Quercus velutina Xf subsp. unknownA
143QUEVI Quercus virginiana Xf subsp. unknownA
144RATCO Ratibida columnifera Xf subsp. unknownA
145RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. unknownA
146RHUSS Rhus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
147RUBHP Rubus hedycarpus subsp. procerus Xf subsp. unknownA
148RUBID Rubus idaeus Xf subsp. unknownA
149RUBSS Rubus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
150RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. unknownA
151SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. unknownA
152SSAAL Sassafras albidum Xf subsp. unknownA
153SSASS Sassafras sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
154SETMG Setaria magna Xf subsp. unknownA
155SOOFI Solidago fistulosa Xf subsp. unknownA
156SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. unknownA
157SWTPS Stewartia pseudocamellia Xf subsp. unknownA
158ZMYDI Symphyotrichum divaricatum Xf subsp. unknownA
159TRFRE Trifolium repens Xf subsp. unknownA
160ULEEU Ulex europaeus Xf subsp. unknownA
161ULEMC Ulex micranthus Xf subsp. unknownA
162ULESS Ulex sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
163ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. unknownA
164ULMGL Ulmus glabra Xf subsp. unknownA
165ULMPU Ulmus pumila Xf subsp. unknownA
166ULMSS Ulmus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
167VACAH Vaccinium ashei Xf subsp. unknownA
168VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. unknownA
169VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
170VACVG Vaccinium virgatum Xf subsp. unknownA
171VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. unknownA
172VINMI Vinca minor Xf subsp. unknownA
173VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. unknownA
174VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. unknownA
175VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. unknownA
176CC241A Vitis labrusca × V. vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
177VITMU Vitis munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownA
178CC242A Vitis muscadina Xf subsp. unknownA
179VITRI Vitis riparia Xf subsp. unknownA
180VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
181VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
182VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
183ACRSC Acer saccharum Xf subsp. unknownB
184CYPER Cyperus eragrostis Xf subsp. unknownB
185HVEBR Hevea brasiliensis Xf subsp. unknownB
186PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. unknownB
187SORHA Sorghum halepense Xf subsp. unknownB
188ACALO Acacia longifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
189ACRMA Acer macrophyllum Xf subsp. unknownC
190ACRNE Acer negundo Xf subsp. unknownC
191ACRPL Acer platanoides Xf subsp. unknownC
192ACRSS Acer sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
193AECHY Aesculus × hybrida Xf subsp. unknownC
194AGTAU Agathis australis Xf subsp. unknownC
195AGSGI Agrostis gigantea Xf subsp. unknownC
196AEYEX Alectryon excelsus Xf subsp. unknownC
197ALRFI Alternanthera ficoidea Xf subsp. unknownC
198AMASS Amaranthus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
199BRODI Anisantha diandra Xf subsp. unknownC
200BRORI Anisantha rigida Xf subsp. unknownC
201ARYSS Arctostaphylos sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
202ARTDO Artemisia douglasiana Xf subsp. unknownC
203ATXSS Atriplex sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
204AVEFA Avena fatua Xf subsp. unknownC
205AXOCO Axonopus compressus Xf subsp. unknownC
206BACPI Baccharis pilularis Xf subsp. unknownC
207BIDPI Bidens pilosa Xf subsp. unknownC
208BOEDI Boerhavia diffusa Xf subsp. unknownC
209BOILF Borreria latifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
210BRADC Brachiaria decumbens Xf subsp. unknownC
211BRAPL Brachiaria plantaginea Xf subsp. unknownC
212BRGSS Brachyglottis sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
213BROSS Bromus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
214BRNPA Broussonetia papyrifera Xf subsp. unknownC
215CCOSS Calicotome sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
216BLABI Calyptocarpus biaristatus Xf subsp. unknownC
217CMIRA Campsis radicans Xf subsp. unknownC
218CAPBP Capsella bursa‐pastoris Xf subsp. unknownC
219CRXSS Carex sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
220CELOR Celastrus orbiculatus Xf subsp. unknownC
221CCHEC Cenchrus echinatus Xf subsp. unknownC
222CHEMU Chenopodiastrum murale Xf subsp. unknownC
223CHRHA Chloris halophila Xf subsp. unknownC
224CC158A Coffea arabica × C. canephora Xf subsp. unknownC
225CC159A Coffea arabica × C. eugenioides Xf subsp. unknownC
226CC161A Coffea arabica × C. liberica var. dewevrei Xf subsp. unknownC
227CC162A Coffea arabica × C. racemosa Xf subsp. unknownC
228COFCA Coffea canephora Xf subsp. unknownC
229RDGVE Coffea racemosa Xf subsp. unknownC
230CC164A Coffea eugenioides Xf subsp. unknownC
231CC165A Coffea kapakata Xf subsp. unknownC
232COFEX Coffea liberica var. dewevrei Xf subsp. unknownC
233COFST Coffea stenophylla Xf subsp. unknownC
234COMBE Commelina benghalensis Xf subsp. unknownC
235COMER Commelina erecta Xf subsp. unknownC
236CONAR Convolvulus arvensis Xf subsp. unknownC
237CPMRE Coprosma repens Xf subsp. unknownC
238CPMRO Coprosma robusta Xf subsp. unknownC
239CDLAU Cordyline australis Xf subsp. unknownC
240CDLSS Cordyline sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
241CRWFL Cornus florida Xf subsp. unknownC
242CKICO Corokia cotoneaster Xf subsp. unknownC
243CKIMA Corokia macrocarpa Xf subsp. unknownC
244CKISS Corokia sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
245CCKLA Corynocarpus laevigatus Xf subsp. unknownC
246ERMSE Croton setigerus Xf subsp. unknownC
247CYNDA Cynodon dactylon Xf subsp. unknownC
248CYPSS Cyperus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
249SAOSC Cytisus scoparius Xf subsp. unknownC
250DATWR Datura wrightii Xf subsp. unknownC
251DIGHO Digitaria horizontalis Xf subsp. unknownC
252TRCIN Digitaria insularis Xf subsp. unknownC
253DIGSA Digitaria sanguinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
254DUTPL Duranta erecta Xf subsp. unknownC
255CHEAM Dysphania ambrosioides Xf subsp. unknownC
256ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. unknownC
257ELEIN Eleusine indica Xf subsp. unknownC
258ERICA Erigeron canadensis Xf subsp. unknownC
259ERBCO Eriochloa contracta Xf subsp. unknownC
260ERGSS Eriogonum sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
261EROBO Erodium botrys Xf subsp. unknownC
262EROMO Erodium moschatum Xf subsp. unknownC
263EROSS Erodium sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
264ESABI Escallonia bifida Xf subsp. unknownC
265EUCSS Eucalyptus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
266EPHHI Euphorbia hirta Xf subsp. unknownC
267FACAP Facelis retusa Xf subsp. unknownC
268CC180A Fragaria vesca subsp. californica Xf subsp. unknownC
269FRXDI Fraxinus dipetala Xf subsp. unknownC
270FUCMA Fuchsia magellanica Xf subsp. unknownC
271GERDI Geranium dissectum Xf subsp. unknownC
272HAGER Haloragis erecta Xf subsp. unknownC
273HBESS Hebe sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
274HEEHE Hedera helix Xf subsp. unknownC
275HEOFR Heliotropium fruticosum Xf subsp. unknownC
276HEOIN Heliotropium indicum Xf subsp. unknownC
277HTTGR Heterotheca grandiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
278HORMU Hordeum murinum Xf subsp. unknownC
279HYEPA Hydrangea paniculata Xf subsp. unknownC
280HRYBR Hypochaeris brasiliensis Xf subsp. unknownC
281IPOFI Ipomoea fistulosa Xf subsp. unknownC
282LACSE Lactuca serriola Xf subsp. unknownC
283LECSI Leonurus sibiricus Xf subsp. unknownC
284LEPAU Lepidium auriculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
285COPDI Lepidium didymum Xf subsp. unknownC
286LEPRU Lepidium ruderale Xf subsp. unknownC
287LIGSI Ligustrum sinense Xf subsp. unknownC
288CC189A Ligustrum virginicum Xf subsp. unknownC
289LIRTU Liriodendron tulipifera Xf subsp. unknownC
290LOLMU Lolium multiflorum Xf subsp. unknownC
291LOLPE Lolium perenne Xf subsp. unknownC
292LUDUR Ludwigia grandiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
293MALPA Malva parviflora Xf subsp. unknownC
294MAQVU Marrubium vulgare Xf subsp. unknownC
295MEDPO Medicago polymorpha Xf subsp. unknownC
296MLQTE Melicope ternata Xf subsp. unknownC
297MLYRA Melicytus ramiflorus Xf subsp. unknownC
298MEUSS Melilotus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
299MLSOF Melissa officinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
300MRRMA Merremia macrocalyx Xf subsp. unknownC
301MRYSI Meryta sinclairii Xf subsp. unknownC
302MTDEX Metrosideros excelsa Xf subsp. unknownC
303MTDSS Metrosideros sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
304CC195A Metrosideros kermadecensis Xf subsp. unknownC
305MNTLI Montiastrum lineare Xf subsp. unknownC
306MYMLA Myoporum laetum Xf subsp. unknownC
307MAJHO Origanum majorana Xf subsp. unknownC
308DKTAC Panicum acuminatum Xf subsp. unknownC
309PTNHY Parthenium hysterophorus Xf subsp. unknownC
310PRTTR Parthenocissus tricuspidata Xf subsp. unknownC
311PASUR Paspalum urvillei Xf subsp. unknownC
312CC200A Paspalum regnellii Xf subsp. unknownC
313PAQFO Passiflora foetida Xf subsp. unknownC
314PESCL Pennisetum clandestinum Xf subsp. unknownC
315POLLA Persicaria lapathifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
316POLPE Persicaria maculosa Xf subsp. unknownC
317PGASA Phagnalon saxatile Xf subsp. unknownC
318PHAAN Phalaris angusta Xf subsp. unknownC
319PHXSS Phoenix sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
320PHMCO Phormium colensoi Xf subsp. unknownC
321PHMTE Phormium tenax Xf subsp. unknownC
322PTUCR Pittosporum crassifolium Xf subsp. unknownC
323PTUEU Pittosporum eugenioides Xf subsp. unknownC
324PTUTE Pittosporum tenuifolium Xf subsp. unknownC
325PTUUM Pittosporum umbellatum Xf subsp. unknownC
326PLALA Plantago lanceolata Xf subsp. unknownC
327PLAMA Plantago major Xf subsp. unknownC
328PLUOD Pluchea odorata Xf subsp. unknownC
329POAAN Poa annua Xf subsp. unknownC
330POLAR Polygonum arenastrum Xf subsp. unknownC
331POROL Portulaca oleracea Xf subsp. unknownC
332PRNAN Prunus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
333PRNLR Prunus laurocerasus Xf subsp. unknownC
334PRNSO Prunus serotina Xf subsp. unknownC
335PRNSL Prunus serrulata Xf subsp. unknownC
336CC214A Prunus simonii × P. salicina × P. cerasifera × P. munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownC
337QUEAG Quercus agrifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
338QUEAL Quercus alba Xf subsp. unknownC
339QUEIL Quercus ilex Xf subsp. unknownC
340QUEIM Quercus imbricaria Xf subsp. unknownC
341QUEIN Quercus incana Xf subsp. unknownC
342QUEMC Quercus macrocarpa Xf subsp. unknownC
343QUEPH Quercus phellos Xf subsp. unknownC
344RANRE Ranunculus repens Xf subsp. unknownC
345RAPSR Raphanus sativus Xf subsp. unknownC
346RHUDI Rhus diversiloba Xf subsp. unknownC
347RCHSS Richardia sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
348ROSCA Rosa californica Xf subsp. unknownC
349RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. unknownC
350RUBVI Rubus vitifolius Xf subsp. unknownC
351RUMCR Rumex crispus Xf subsp. unknownC
352RUMSS Rumex sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
353SAXSS Salix sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
354SASKT Salsola kali subsp. tragus Xf subsp. unknownC
355SALOF Salvia officinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
356SAMGL Sambucus cerulea Xf subsp. unknownC
357SNTMA Santolina magonica Xf subsp. unknownC
358SENGB Senecio grisebachii Xf subsp. unknownC
359SENVU Senecio vulgaris Xf subsp. unknownC
360CC221A Senna secundiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
361SIDRH Sida rhombifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
362SLYMA Silybum marianum Xf subsp. unknownC
363SSYIR Sisymbrium irio Xf subsp. unknownC
364SOLAM Solanum americanum Xf subsp. unknownC
365SONOL Sonchus oleraceus Xf subsp. unknownC
366SONSS Sonchus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
367SOBSE Sophora secundiflora Xf subsp. unknownC
368STAAR Stachys arvensis Xf subsp. unknownC
369STEME Stellaria media Xf subsp. unknownC
370SYZPA Syzygium paniculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
371TALPA Talinum paniculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
372TAROF Taraxacum officinale Xf subsp. unknownC
373TRFIN Trifolium incarnatum Xf subsp. unknownC
374ULEPA Ulex parviflorus Xf subsp. unknownC
375URTLY Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis Xf subsp. unknownC
376URTUR Urtica urens Xf subsp. unknownC
377VEBLI Verbena litoralis Xf subsp. unknownC
378VENSS Vernonia sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
379VERPE Veronica persica Xf subsp. unknownC
380VERSS Veronica sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
381CC226A Vicia ludoviciana Xf subsp. unknownC
382VIXLU Vitex lucens Xf subsp. unknownC
383VITAZ Vitis arizonica Xf subsp. unknownC
384VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. unknownC
385WSTFR Wisteria frutescens Xf subsp. unknownC
386XANSP Xanthium spinosum Xf subsp. unknownC
387CIDLO Citrus × limonia Xf subsp. unknownD
388COFLI Coffea liberica Xf subsp. unknownD
389PRNAM Prunus americana Xf subsp. unknownD
390PRNMS Prunus munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownD
391PRNSI Prunus simonii Xf subsp. unknownD
392SOOCA Solidago canadensis Xf subsp. unknownD
393PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. unknownE
394PRNHO Prunus hortulana Xf subsp. unknownE
395PRNME Prunus mexicana Xf subsp. unknownE
396ULMHO Ulmus × hollandica Xf subsp. unknownE
397VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. unknownE
398VITBQ Vitis bourquiniana Xf subsp. unknownE
399VITCI Vitis cinerea Xf subsp. unknownE
400VITCN Vitis simpsonii Xf subsp. unknownE
401VITCH Vitis × champinii Xf subsp. unknownE
402CC256A Vitis rufotomentosa Xf subsp. unknownE
403CC257A Vitis shuttleworthii Xf subsp. unknownE
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1ACRSS Acer sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
2AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
3CCOSP Calicotome spinosa Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
4CCSOC Cercis occidentalis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
5CSTMO Cistus monspeliensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
6CIDLI Citrus limon Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
7CIDPA Citrus paradisi Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
8CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
9CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
10COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
11COFCA Coffea canephora Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
12COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
13ELGAN Elaeagnus angustifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
14CC270A Erysimum hybrids Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
15FIUCA Ficus carica Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
16GENLU Genista lucida Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
17IUGRE Juglans regia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
18LUPAD Lupinus aridorum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
19MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
20MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
21MTDSS Metrosideros sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
22MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
23MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
24NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
25PELGV Pelargonium graveolens Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
26PLUOD Pluchea odorata Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
27POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
28PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
29PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
30PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
31PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
32PSISS Psidium sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
33RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
34RUBDI Rubus rigidus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
35RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
36RUACH Ruta chalepensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
37RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
38SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
39SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
40SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
41STZRE Strelitzia reginae Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
42SRQHY Streptocarpus hybrids Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
43TEUCP Teucrium capitatum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
44ULEEU Ulex europaeus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
45ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
46VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
47VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
48VINSS Vinca sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
49VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
50CC227A Vitis aestivalis hybrid Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
51VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
52VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
53CC238A Vitis cinerea var. helleri × V. vulpina Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
54VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
55VITHD Vitis hybrids Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
56VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
57VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
58VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
59BRNPA Broussonetia papyrifera Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
60QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
61ULMSS Ulmus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1ACACL Acacia cultriformis Xf subsp. multiplexA
2ACADA Acacia dealbata Xf subsp. multiplexA
3ACALO Acacia longifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
4ACAME Acacia melanoxylon Xf subsp. multiplexA
5ACASA Acacia saligna Xf subsp. multiplexA
6ACASS Acacia sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
7ACRGS Acer griseum Xf subsp. multiplexA
8ACRPP Acer pseudoplatanus Xf subsp. multiplexA
9ACRRB Acer rubrum Xf subsp. multiplexA
10ADCCL Adenocarpus lainzii Xf subsp. multiplexA
11ALURH Alnus rhombifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
12AMBPS Ambrosia psilostachya Xf subsp. multiplexA
13AMBSS Ambrosia sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
14AMBTR Ambrosia trifida Xf subsp. multiplexA
15AMBTT Ambrosia trifida var. texana Xf subsp. multiplexA
16AMCCO Ampelopsis cordata Xf subsp. multiplexA
17AYLBJ Anthyllis barba‐jovis Xf subsp. multiplexA
18AYLHE Anthyllis hermanniae Xf subsp. multiplexA
19CC135A Periwinkle (common name) Xf subsp. multiplexA
20ARDUN Arbutus unedo Xf subsp. multiplexA
21CHYFR Argyranthemum frutescens Xf subsp. multiplexA
22ARTAB Artemisia absinthium Xf subsp. multiplexA
23ARTAO Artemisia arborescens Xf subsp. multiplexA
24ARTSS Artemisia sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
25ASPAC Asparagus acutifolius Xf subsp. multiplexA
26ATUFF Athyrium filix‐femina Xf subsp. multiplexA
27BACHA Baccharis halimifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
28BEBTH Berberis thunbergii Xf subsp. multiplexA
29CCOSP Calicotome spinosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
30CCOVI Calicotome villosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
31CLXCI Callistemon citrinus Xf subsp. multiplexA
32CUNVU Calluna vulgaris Xf subsp. multiplexA
33KLCBR Calocephalus brownii Xf subsp. multiplexA
34CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. multiplexA
35CYASS Carya sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
36CETOC Celtis occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplexA
37CCSCA Cercis canadensis Xf subsp. multiplexA
38CCSOC Cercis occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplexA
39CCSSI Cercis siliquastrum Xf subsp. multiplexA
40CHEAL Chenopodium album Xf subsp. multiplexA
41CIOSS Chionanthus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
42CSTAL Cistus albidus Xf subsp. multiplexA
43CSTIC Cistus creticus Xf subsp. multiplexA
44CSTPS Cistus inflatus Xf subsp. multiplexA
45CSTMO Cistus monspeliensis Xf subsp. multiplexA
46CSTSA Cistus salviifolius Xf subsp. multiplexA
47CSTSS Cistus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
48CLVCI Clematis cirrhosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
49CLVVT Clematis vitalba Xf subsp. multiplexA
50CONCN Convolvulus cneorum Xf subsp. multiplexA
51CPMRE Coprosma repens Xf subsp. multiplexA
52CZRVL Coronilla valentina Xf subsp. multiplexA
53CZRVG Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca Xf subsp. multiplexA
54SAOSC Cytisus scoparius Xf subsp. multiplexA
55CZSSS Cytisus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
56CC274A Cytisus spinosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
57CZSVI Cytisus villosus Xf subsp. multiplexA
58OSPEK Dimorphotheca ecklonis Xf subsp. multiplexA
59OSPFR Dimorphotheca fruticosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
60INUVI Dittrichia viscosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
61DODVI Dodonaea viscosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
62EHIPL Echium plantagineum Xf subsp. multiplexA
63ELGAN Elaeagnus angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
64ELGEB Elaeagnus × submacrophylla Xf subsp. multiplexA
65ENCFA Encelia farinosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
66EIACN Erica cinerea Xf subsp. multiplexA
67ERICA Erigeron canadensis Xf subsp. multiplexA
68ERIKA Erigeron karvinskianus Xf subsp. multiplexA
69ERQUM Eriocephalus africanus Xf subsp. multiplexA
70EROMO Erodium moschatum Xf subsp. multiplexA
71EYOCH Euryops chrysanthemoides Xf subsp. multiplexA
72EYOPE Euryops pectinatus Xf subsp. multiplexA
73POLCU Fallopia japonica Xf subsp. multiplexA
74FIUCA Ficus carica Xf subsp. multiplexA
75RHAFR Frangula alnus Xf subsp. multiplexA
76FRXAM Fraxinus americana Xf subsp. multiplexA
77FRXAN Fraxinus angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
78FRXSS Fraxinus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
79GAZRI Gazania rigens Xf subsp. multiplexA
80GENCO Genista corsica Xf subsp. multiplexA
81GENEP Genista ephedroides Xf subsp. multiplexA
82GENSC Genista scorpius Xf subsp. multiplexA
83GENSS Genista sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
84QEMTR Genista tridentata Xf subsp. multiplexA
85CC279A Genista valdes‐bermejoi Xf subsp. multiplexA
86GENSA Genista × spachiana Xf subsp. multiplexA
87GIKBI Ginkgo biloba Xf subsp. multiplexA
88GLITR Gleditsia triacanthos Xf subsp. multiplexA
89GREJU Grevillea juniperina Xf subsp. multiplexA
90HBEEL Hebe elliptica Xf subsp. multiplexA
91HBESS Hebe sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
92HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. multiplexA
93HELSS Helianthus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
94HECIT Helichrysum italicum Xf subsp. multiplexA
95HECSS Helichrysum sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
96HECST Helichrysum stoechas Xf subsp. multiplexA
97HIBSY Hibiscus syriacus Xf subsp. multiplexA
98HYPAN Hypericum androsaemum Xf subsp. multiplexA
99HYPPE Hypericum perforatum Xf subsp. multiplexA
100ILEAQ Ilex aquifolium Xf subsp. multiplexA
101IVAAN Iva annua Xf subsp. multiplexA
102SENBI Jacobaea maritima Xf subsp. multiplexA
103KOTBI Koelreuteria bipinnata Xf subsp. multiplexA
104LAEIN Lagerstroemia indica Xf subsp. multiplexA
105LAESS Lagerstroemia sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
106LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. multiplexA
107LAVAN Lavandula angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
108LAVDE Lavandula dentata Xf subsp. multiplexA
109LAVLA Lavandula latifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
110LAVSS Lavandula sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
111LAVST Lavandula stoechas Xf subsp. multiplexA
112LAVHE Lavandula × heterophylla Xf subsp. multiplexA
113LAVIN Lavandula × intermedia Xf subsp. multiplexA
114LVACR Lavatera cretica Xf subsp. multiplexA
115LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. multiplexA
116LONIM Lonicera implexa Xf subsp. multiplexA
117LONJA Lonicera japonica Xf subsp. multiplexA
118LONPE Lonicera periclymenum Xf subsp. multiplexA
119LUPAD Lupinus aridorum Xf subsp. multiplexA
120LUPVI Lupinus villosus Xf subsp. multiplexA
121MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. multiplexA
122MAGSO Magnolia × soulangeana Xf subsp. multiplexA
123MEDAR Medicago arborea Xf subsp. multiplexA
124MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. multiplexA
125MTDEX Metrosideros excelsa Xf subsp. multiplexA
126MTDSS Metrosideros sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
127MYMLA Myoporum laetum Xf subsp. multiplexA
128MYMSS Myoporum sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
129MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. multiplexA
130NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. multiplexA
131OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. multiplexA
132OLVES Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris Xf subsp. multiplexA
133OLVSS Olea sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
134PELGV Pelargonium graveolens Xf subsp. multiplexA
135PELSS Pelargonium sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
136PEKAB Perovskia abrotanoides Xf subsp. multiplexA
137PGASA Phagnalon saxatile Xf subsp. multiplexA
138PLRAN Phillyrea angustifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
139PLMFR Phlomis fruticosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
140PLMIT Phlomis italica Xf subsp. multiplexA
141PIAVE Pistacia vera Xf subsp. multiplexA
142PLALA Plantago lanceolata Xf subsp. multiplexA
143PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplexA
144PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
145POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
146CC207A Polygala × grandiflora nana Xf subsp. multiplexA
147PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. multiplexA
148PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. multiplexA
149PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. multiplexA
150PRNCE Prunus cerasus Xf subsp. multiplexA
151PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. multiplexA
152PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. multiplexA
153PRNLR Prunus laurocerasus Xf subsp. multiplexA
154PRNME Prunus mexicana Xf subsp. multiplexA
155PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. multiplexA
156PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. multiplexA
157PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
158PTEAQ Pteridium aquilinum Xf subsp. multiplexA
159QUECO Quercus coccinea Xf subsp. multiplexA
160QUEFC Quercus falcata Xf subsp. multiplexA
161QUEIL Quercus ilex Xf subsp. multiplexA
162QUELA Quercus laevis Xf subsp. multiplexA
163QUEMC Quercus macrocarpa Xf subsp. multiplexA
164QUENI Quercus nigra Xf subsp. multiplexA
165QUEPA Quercus palustris Xf subsp. multiplexA
166QUEPH Quercus phellos Xf subsp. multiplexA
167QUEPU Quercus pubescens Xf subsp. multiplexA
168QUERO Quercus robur Xf subsp. multiplexA
169QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. multiplexA
170QUESH Quercus shumardii Xf subsp. multiplexA
171QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
172QUESU Quercus suber Xf subsp. multiplexA
173RATCO Ratibida columnifera Xf subsp. multiplexA
174LGOMO Retama monosperma Xf subsp. multiplexA
175RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. multiplexA
176ROBPS Robinia pseudoacacia Xf subsp. multiplexA
177ROSCN Rosa canina Xf subsp. multiplexA
178ROSSS Rosa sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
179RUBSS Rubus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
180RUBUL Rubus ulmifolius Xf subsp. multiplexA
181RUAGR Ruta graveolens Xf subsp. multiplexA
182SALMF Salvia mellifera Xf subsp. multiplexA
183SALOF Salvia officinalis Xf subsp. multiplexA
184RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. multiplexA
185SALSS Salvia sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
186SAMNI Sambucus nigra Xf subsp. multiplexA
187SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
188SNTCH Santolina chamaecyparissus Xf subsp. multiplexA
189SNTMA Santolina magonica Xf subsp. multiplexA
190SNTSS Santolina sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
191SAKSA Sapindus saponaria Xf subsp. multiplexA
192SXLAM Scabiosa atropurpurea var. maritima Xf subsp. multiplexA
193SOOVI Solidago virgaurea Xf subsp. multiplexA
194SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. multiplexA
195SPUSS Spartium sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
196STZRE Strelitzia reginae Xf subsp. multiplexA
197SYRVU Syringa vulgaris Xf subsp. multiplexA
198ULEEU Ulex europaeus Xf subsp. multiplexA
199ULEMI Ulex minor Xf subsp. multiplexA
200ULEPA Ulex parviflorus Xf subsp. multiplexA
201ULESS Ulex sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
202ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. multiplexA
203ULMCR Ulmus crassifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
204ULMSS Ulmus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
205VACAH Vaccinium ashei Xf subsp. multiplexA
206VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. multiplexA
207VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
208VIBTI Viburnum tinus Xf subsp. multiplexA
209VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. multiplexA
210VINSS Vinca sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
211VIXAC Vitex agnus‐castus Xf subsp. multiplexA
212WESRO Westringia fruticosa Xf subsp. multiplexA
213XANST Xanthium strumarium Xf subsp. multiplexA
214ACRPL Acer platanoides Xf subsp. multiplexC
215CCOSS Calicotome sp.Xf subsp. multiplexC
216CSTIS Cistus × incanus Xf subsp. multiplexC
217LIRTU Liriodendron tulipifera Xf subsp. multiplexC
218POGSS Polygala sp.Xf subsp. multiplexC
219CC206A Polygala × dalmaisiana Xf subsp. multiplexC
220RHASS Rhamnus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexC
221VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. multiplexC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1ACASA Acacia saligna Xf subsp. paucaA
2ACASS Acacia sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
3AMARE Amaranthus retroflexus Xf subsp. paucaA
4CC135A Periwinkle (common name) Xf subsp. paucaA
5ASPAC Asparagus acutifolius Xf subsp. paucaA
6CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. paucaA
7CHEAL Chenopodium album Xf subsp. paucaA
8CSTAL Cistus albidus Xf subsp. paucaA
9CSTIC Cistus creticus Xf subsp. paucaA
10CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. paucaA
11CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
12COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. paucaA
13COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
14OSPFR Dimorphotheca fruticosa Xf subsp. paucaA
15DODVI Dodonaea viscosa Xf subsp. paucaA
16ELGAN Elaeagnus angustifolia Xf subsp. paucaA
17EMHMA Eremophila maculata Xf subsp. paucaA
18ERIBO Erigeron bonariensis Xf subsp. paucaA
19ERISS Erigeron sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
20ERISU Erigeron sumatrensis Xf subsp. paucaA
21EPHCH Euphorbia chamaesyce Xf subsp. paucaA
22EPHTE Euphorbia terracina Xf subsp. paucaA
23GENHS Genista hirsuta Xf subsp. paucaA
24GREJU Grevillea juniperina Xf subsp. paucaA
25HBESS Hebe sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
26HEOEU Heliotropium europaeum Xf subsp. paucaA
27HIBRS Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis Xf subsp. paucaA
28HIBSS Hibiscus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
29LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. paucaA
30LAVAN Lavandula angustifolia Xf subsp. paucaA
31LAVDE Lavandula dentata Xf subsp. paucaA
32LAVSS Lavandula sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
33LAVST Lavandula stoechas Xf subsp. paucaA
34MYMIN Myoporum insulare Xf subsp. paucaA
35MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. paucaA
36NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. paucaA
37OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. paucaA
38OLVES Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris Xf subsp. paucaA
39PELFR Pelargonium fragrans Xf subsp. paucaA
40PELSS Pelargonium sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
41PLRLA Phillyrea latifolia Xf subsp. paucaA
42PIAVE Pistacia vera Xf subsp. paucaA
43POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. paucaA
44PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. paucaA
45PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. paucaA
46PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. paucaA
47PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
48RHAAL Rhamnus alaternus Xf subsp. paucaA
49RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. paucaA
50SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. paucaA
51THYVU Thymus vulgaris Xf subsp. paucaA
52ULEPA Ulex parviflorus Xf subsp. paucaA
53VINMI Vinca minor Xf subsp. paucaA
54WESRO Westringia fruticosa Xf subsp. paucaA
55WESGL Westringia glabra Xf subsp. paucaA
56POGSS Polygala sp.Xf subsp. paucaC
57PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. paucaC
58QUEIL Quercus ilex Xf subsp. paucaC
59SALOF Salvia officinalis Xf subsp. paucaC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. morusA
2MORRU Morus rubra Xf subsp. morusA
3MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. morusA
4NANDO Nandina domestica Xf subsp. morusA
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. sandyiA
2COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. sandyiA
3HEGSS Hemerocallis sp.Xf subsp. sandyiA
4IACMI Jacaranda mimosifolia Xf subsp. sandyiA
5MAGGR Magnolia grandiflora Xf subsp. sandyiA
6NANDO Nandina domestica Xf subsp. sandyiA
7NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. sandyiA
8POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. sandyiC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1CXKTA Chitalpa tashkentensis Xf subsp. tashkeA
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. fastidiosa/sandyiA
2COFCA Coffea canephora Xf subsp. fastidiosa/sandyiA
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1PYUPY Pyrus pyrifolia Xylella taiwanensisA

Appendix B – Host plant species artificially infected

1.

List of host plant species, artificially infected, of X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported in the publication), subsp. fastidiosa, subsp. morus, subsp. multiplex, subsp. pauca, subsp. sandyi and subsp. tashke according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as reported in Section 2.4.2):

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation.

NPlant EPPO codePlant speciesPestCategory
1ACRMA Acer macrophyllum Xf subsp. unknownA
2ACRNE Acer negundo Xf subsp. unknownA
3AECCA Aesculus californica Xf subsp. unknownA
4ALURH Alnus rhombifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
5AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
6AMBSS Ambrosia sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
7CC135A Periwinkle (common name) Xf subsp. unknownA
8ARBTH Arabidopsis thaliana Xf subsp. unknownA
9ARTDO Artemisia douglasiana Xf subsp. unknownA
10BACPI Baccharis pilularis Xf subsp. unknownA
11BACSF Baccharis salicifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
12BRSNI Brassica nigra Xf subsp. unknownA
13CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
14CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. unknownA
15CIDAF Citrus aurantiifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
16CIDCL Citrus clementina Xf subsp. unknownA
17CC153A Citrus clementina × C. sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
18CIDJA Citrus jambhiri Xf subsp. unknownA
19CIDRH Citrus reshni Xf subsp. unknownA
20CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. unknownA
21CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
22CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
23CIDRA Citrus sunki Xf subsp. unknownA
24CIDUN Citrus unshiu Xf subsp. unknownA
25CIDLO Citrus × limonia Xf subsp. unknownA
26CIDNO Citrus × nobilis Xf subsp. unknownA
27COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. unknownA
28COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
29COIMA Conium maculatum Xf subsp. unknownA
30CPMRE Coprosma repens Xf subsp. unknownA
31CORSA Coriandrum sativum Xf subsp. unknownA
32CYPER Cyperus eragrostis Xf subsp. unknownA
33ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. unknownA
34FAGES Fagopyrum esculentum Xf subsp. unknownA
35FRXLA Fraxinus latifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
36CC181A Hakea petiolaris Xf subsp. unknownA
37HEEHE Hedera helix Xf subsp. unknownA
38LOUMA Lobularia maritima Xf subsp. unknownA
39MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
40MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. unknownA
41MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
42NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. unknownA
43NIOBE Nicotiana benthamiana Xf subsp. unknownA
44NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. unknownA
45PRTQU Parthenocissus quinquefolia Xf subsp. unknownA
46PEBAM Persea americana Xf subsp. unknownA
47PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. unknownA
48POPFR Populus fremontii Xf subsp. unknownA
49PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. unknownA
50PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. unknownA
51PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. unknownA
52PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. unknownA
53PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
54PYUPY Pyrus pyrifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
55QUEAG Quercus agrifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
56QUELO Quercus lobata Xf subsp. unknownA
57QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. unknownA
58RHUDI Rhus diversiloba Xf subsp. unknownA
59ROSCA Rosa californica Xf subsp. unknownA
60RUBHP Rubus hedycarpus subsp. procerus Xf subsp. unknownA
61RUBDI Rubus rigidus Xf subsp. unknownA
62RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. unknownA
63SAXLG Salix laevigata Xf subsp. unknownA
64SAXLL Salix lasiolepis Xf subsp. unknownA
65SALAP Salvia apiana Xf subsp. unknownA
66SALMF Salvia mellifera Xf subsp. unknownA
67SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. unknownA
68SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
69SPUJU Spartium junceum Xf subsp. unknownA
70SWAGA Swainsona galegifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
71SYPAL Symphoricarpos albus Xf subsp. unknownA
72TLNMO Teline monspessulana Xf subsp. unknownA
73ULMAM Ulmus americana Xf subsp. unknownA
74UMBCA Umbellularia californica Xf subsp. unknownA
75URTDI Urtica dioica Xf subsp. unknownA
76VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. unknownA
77VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
78VICSA Vicia sativa Xf subsp. unknownA
79VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. unknownA
80VINMI Vinca minor Xf subsp. unknownA
81CC229A Vitis arizonica × V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
82CC233A Vitis arizonica/candicans × V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
83VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. unknownA
84CC241A Vitis labrusca × V. vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
85VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
86CC244A Vitis rotundifolia × V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
87VITRU Vitis rupestris Xf subsp. unknownA
88VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
89VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
90MORRU Morus rubra Xf subsp. unknownB
91PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. unknownB
92CC232A Vitis arizonica/candicans Xf subsp. unknownB
93CC249A Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana Xf subsp. unknownB
94CC256A Vitis rufotomentosa Xf subsp. unknownB
95FRSAC Ambrosia acanthicarpa Xf subsp. unknownC
96AMBTT Ambrosia trifida var. texana Xf subsp. unknownC
97AMSDO Amsinckia douglasiana Xf subsp. unknownC
98BRORI Anisantha rigida Xf subsp. unknownC
99AVEFA Avena fatua Xf subsp. unknownC
100BRAPL Brachiaria plantaginea Xf subsp. unknownC
101BROSS Bromus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
102CSPCH Callistephus chinensis Xf subsp. unknownC
103CNNSS Canna sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
104BROCA Ceratochloa cathartica Xf subsp. unknownC
105CC154A Citrus deliciosa × C. sinensis Xf subsp. unknownC
106CIDME Citrus medica Xf subsp. unknownC
107CIDTG Citrus tangerina Xf subsp. unknownC
108CIDRP Citrus × tangelo Xf subsp. unknownC
109GODGR Clarkia amoena subsp. lindleyi Xf subsp. unknownC
110CPMBA Coprosma baueri Xf subsp. unknownC
111CTTRT Cotoneaster rotundifolius Xf subsp. unknownC
112CYNDA Cynodon dactylon Xf subsp. unknownC
113CYPES Cyperus esculentus Xf subsp. unknownC
114SAOSC Cytisus scoparius Xf subsp. unknownC
115DAUCS Daucus carota subsp. sativus Xf subsp. unknownC
116DIGSA Digitaria sanguinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
117CHEAM Dysphania ambrosioides Xf subsp. unknownC
118EPIPC Epilobium brachycarpum Xf subsp. unknownC
119EPICT Epilobium ciliatum Xf subsp. unknownC
120ERADF Eragrostis diffusa Xf subsp. unknownC
121EROCI Erodium cicutarium Xf subsp. unknownC
122POLCO Fallopia convolvulus Xf subsp. unknownC
123GREAL Grevillea alpina Xf subsp. unknownC
124HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. unknownC
125HORMU Hordeum murinum Xf subsp. unknownC
126HORVX Hordeum vulgare Xf subsp. unknownC
127IVAAN Iva annua Xf subsp. unknownC
128LACSE Lactuca serriola Xf subsp. unknownC
129LTHCI Lathyrus cicera Xf subsp. unknownC
130LTHCL Lathyrus clymenum Xf subsp. unknownC
131LTHSA Lathyrus sativus Xf subsp. unknownC
132LEKLA Leptospermum laevigatum Xf subsp. unknownC
133LOLMU Lolium multiflorum Xf subsp. unknownC
134LOLTE Lolium temulentum Xf subsp. unknownC
135LONJA Lonicera japonica Xf subsp. unknownC
136MEUAL Melilotus albus Xf subsp. unknownC
137MEUAA Melilotus albus var. annuus Xf subsp. unknownC
138MEUIN Melilotus indicus Xf subsp. unknownC
139MEUOF Melilotus officinalis Xf subsp. unknownC
140MENSS Mentha sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
141OENSA Oenanthe sarmentosa Xf subsp. unknownC
142OEOEL Oenothera elata Xf subsp. unknownC
143OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. unknownC
144PRTTR Parthenocissus tricuspidata Xf subsp. unknownC
145PASDI Paspalum dilatatum Xf subsp. unknownC
146PELZO Pelargonium × hortorum Xf subsp. unknownC
147PESCL Pennisetum clandestinum Xf subsp. unknownC
148PESGL Pennisetum glaucum Xf subsp. unknownC
149POLPE Persicaria maculosa Xf subsp. unknownC
150PHAMI Phalaris minor Xf subsp. unknownC
151PHAPA Phalaris paradoxa Xf subsp. unknownC
152PHLPR Phleum pratense Xf subsp. unknownC
153PHNAR Photinia arbutifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
154PTUCR Pittosporum crassifolium Xf subsp. unknownC
155PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
156POAAN Poa annua Xf subsp. unknownC
157PMITR Poncirus trifoliata Xf subsp. unknownC
158RESOD Reseda odorata Xf subsp. unknownC
159RHERP Rheum rhaponticum Xf subsp. unknownC
160RUBVI Rubus vitifolius Xf subsp. unknownC
161RUMCR Rumex crispus Xf subsp. unknownC
162SAMGL Sambucus cerulea Xf subsp. unknownC
163SONAS Sonchus asper Xf subsp. unknownC
164SORHA Sorghum halepense Xf subsp. unknownC
165SORSU Sorghum × drummondii Xf subsp. unknownC
166SYRVU Syringa vulgaris Xf subsp. unknownC
167SYZPA Syzygium paniculatum Xf subsp. unknownC
168TRFFR Trifolium fragiferum Xf subsp. unknownC
169TRFHY Trifolium hybridum Xf subsp. unknownC
170TRFIN Trifolium incarnatum Xf subsp. unknownC
171TRFPR Trifolium pratense Xf subsp. unknownC
172TRFRE Trifolium repens Xf subsp. unknownC
173CC260A Trifolium repens var. latum Xf subsp. unknownC
174URTLY Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis Xf subsp. unknownC
175VICMO Vicia monantha Xf subsp. unknownC
176VITAC Vitis acerifolia Xf subsp. unknownC
177VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. unknownC
178VITAZ Vitis arizonica Xf subsp. unknownC
179CC271A Vitis arizonica hybrid Xf subsp. unknownC
180CC234A Vitis arizonica/girdiana Xf subsp. unknownC
181CC235A Vitis arizonica/girdiana × V. rupestris Xf subsp. unknownC
182VITBE Vitis berlandieri Xf subsp. unknownC
183VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. unknownC
184VITCI Vitis cinerea Xf subsp. unknownC
185CC239A Vitis cinerea × V. berlandieri Xf subsp. unknownC
186VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. unknownC
187VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. unknownC
188VITLI Vitis lincecumii Xf subsp. unknownC
189VITMO Vitis monticola Xf subsp. unknownC
190VITMU Vitis munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownC
191VITPA Vitis palmata Xf subsp. unknownC
192VITRI Vitis riparia Xf subsp. unknownC
193VITCN Vitis simpsonii Xf subsp. unknownC
194VITTI Vitis tiliaefolia Xf subsp. unknownC
195VITVU Vitis vulpina Xf subsp. unknownC
196VITCH Vitis × champinii Xf subsp. unknownC
197CC252A Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana × V. simpsonii Xf subsp. unknownC
198VITBL Vitis bloodwothiana Xf subsp. unknownC
199VITNE Vitis nesbittiana Xf subsp. unknownC
200CC257A Vitis shuttleworthii Xf subsp. unknownC
201VLPMY Vulpia myuros Xf subsp. unknownC
202XANOR Xanthium orientale Xf subsp. unknownC
203CC138A (Prunus salicina × P. angustifolia) × (P. salicina × P. munsoniana) Xf subsp. unknownD
204PRNAN Prunus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownD
205PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. unknownD
206CC210A Prunus cerasifera × P. salicina Xf subsp. unknownD
207CC213A Prunus salicina × (P. salicina × P. cerasifera) Xf subsp. unknownD
208CC231A Vitis arizonica × V. vinifera Xf subsp. unknownD
209CHEQU Chenopodium quinoa Xf subsp. unknownE
210CJCWE Citroncirus webberi Xf subsp. unknownE
211CIDMA Citrus macrophylla Xf subsp. unknownE
212NIOCL Nicotiana clevelandii Xf subsp. unknownE
213PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. unknownE
214PRNHO Prunus hortulana Xf subsp. unknownE
215PRNME Prunus mexicana Xf subsp. unknownE
216PRNMM Prunus mume Xf subsp. unknownE
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1AMABL Amaranthus blitoides Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
2FRSAC Ambrosia acanthicarpa Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
3AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
4CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
5CHEQU Chenopodium quinoa Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
6COIMA Conium maculatum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
7CONAR Convolvulus arvensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
8CYPES Cyperus esculentus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
9DATWR Datura wrightii Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
10ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
11ERICA Erigeron canadensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
12ERBGR Eriochloa gracilis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
13EROMO Erodium moschatum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
14EUCCM Eucalyptus camaldulensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
15EUCGL Eucalyptus globulus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
16HELAN Helianthus annuus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
17PHBPU Ipomoea purpurea Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
18LACSE Lactuca serriola Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
19MALPA Malva parviflora Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
20MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
21NIOGL Nicotiana glauca Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
22NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
23POPTR Populus tremula Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
24POROL Portulaca oleracea Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
25PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
26PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
27RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
28RUMCR Rumex crispus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
29SAXAL Salix alba Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
30SMMCH Simmondsia chinensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
31LYPES Solanum lycopersicum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
32SOLME Solanum melongena Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
33SONOL Sonchus oleraceus Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
34SORHA Sorghum halepense Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
35VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
36VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
37VICFX Vicia faba Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
38VICSA Vicia sativa Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
39VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
40VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
41CC247A Vitis vinifera hybrid Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
42XANST Xanthium strumarium Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
43ARBTH Arabidopsis thaliana Xf subsp. fastidiosaB
44CHYHO Dendranthema × grandiflorum Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
45LURNO Laurus nobilis Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
46MYVCO Myrtus communis Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
47NIOBE Nicotiana benthamiana Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
48OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
49POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
50POPCN Populus × canescens Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
51PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
52PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
53CC211A Prunus dulcis × P. webbii Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
54PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
55CC212A Prunus persica × P. webbii Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
56PRNWE Prunus webbii Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
57PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
58QUEPE Quercus petraea Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
59RUBDI Rubus rigidus Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
60SAXCP Salix caprea Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
61SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
62VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
63CC277A Vitis × doaniana Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
64VITAC Vitis acerifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
65VITAE Vitis aestivalis Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
66VITAZ Vitis arizonica Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
67CC232A Vitis arizonica/candicans Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
68VITBE Vitis berlandieri Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
69VITCL Vitis californica Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
70VITCA Vitis candicans Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
71CC237A Vitis champinii × (V. solonis × V. othello) Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
72VITCI Vitis cinerea Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
73VITGI Vitis girdiana Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
74VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
75VITMO Vitis monticola Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
76VITRI Vitis riparia Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
77VITRU Vitis rupestris Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
78VITTI Vitis tiliaefolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
79VITTL Vitis treleasei Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
80VITVU Vitis vulpina Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
81VITNE Vitis nesbittiana Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
82CC257A Vitis shuttleworthii Xf subsp. fastidiosaC
83LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. fastidiosaE
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1ACRRB Acer rubrum Xf subsp. multiplexA
1AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
1CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. multiplexA
1LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. multiplexA
1MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. multiplexA
1NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. multiplexA
1OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. multiplexA
1PIAVE Pistacia vera Xf subsp. multiplexA
1PLTOC Platanus occidentalis Xf subsp. multiplexA
1POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. multiplexA
1PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. multiplexA
1PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. multiplexA
1PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. multiplexA
1PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
1QUEFC Quercus falcata Xf subsp. multiplexA
1RUBFR Rubus fruticosus Xf subsp. multiplexA
1RUBUR Rubus ursinus Xf subsp. multiplexA
1VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. multiplexA
1VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. multiplexA
1BIDPI Bidens pilosa Xf subsp. multiplexC
1CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. multiplexC
1LEPRU Lepidium ruderale Xf subsp. multiplexC
1MABSD Malus domestica Xf subsp. multiplexC
1NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. multiplexC
1PRNAR Prunus armeniaca Xf subsp. multiplexC
1PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. multiplexC
1PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. multiplexC
1CC212A Prunus persica × P. webbii Xf subsp. multiplexC
1PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. multiplexC
1PRNWE Prunus webbii Xf subsp. multiplexC
1PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. multiplexC
1QUEPE Quercus petraea Xf subsp. multiplexC
1RAPSR Raphanus sativus Xf subsp. multiplexC
1SAXAL Salix alba Xf subsp. multiplexC
1SOLAM Solanum americanum Xf subsp. multiplexC
1VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. multiplexE
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1BIDPI Bidens pilosa Xf subsp. paucaA
2BRADC Brachiaria decumbens Xf subsp. paucaA
3BRAPL Brachiaria plantaginea Xf subsp. paucaA
4CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. paucaA
5CIDRE Citrus reticulata Xf subsp. paucaA
6CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. paucaA
7CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
8CIDNO Citrus × nobilis Xf subsp. paucaA
9COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. paucaA
10COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
11ECHCG Echinochloa crus‐galli Xf subsp. paucaA
12IASAZ Jasminum azoricum Xf subsp. paucaA
13MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. paucaA
14NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. paucaA
15NIOCL Nicotiana clevelandii Xf subsp. paucaA
16NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. paucaA
17OCIBA Ocimum basilicum Xf subsp. paucaA
18OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. paucaA
19POGMY Polygala myrtifolia Xf subsp. paucaA
20SOLAM Solanum americanum Xf subsp. paucaA
21ARBTH Arabidopsis thaliana Xf subsp. paucaB
22CC135A Periwinkle (common name) Xf subsp. paucaC
23CHEAL Chenopodium album Xf subsp. paucaC
24DIGHO Digitaria horizontalis Xf subsp. paucaC
25MABSD Malus domestica Xf subsp. paucaC
26PRNAV Prunus avium Xf subsp. paucaC
27PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. paucaC
28PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. paucaC
29PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. paucaC
30QUEPE Quercus petraea Xf subsp. paucaC
31SAXAL Salix alba Xf subsp. paucaC
32RMSOF Salvia rosmarinus Xf subsp. paucaC
33VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. paucaC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1MORAL Morus alba Xf subsp. morusA
2NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. morusA
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. sandyiA
2MEDSA Medicago sativa Xf subsp. sandyiA
3NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. sandyiA
4PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. sandyiA
5VINMA Vinca major Xf subsp. sandyiA
6COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. sandyiC
7MABSD Malus domestica Xf subsp. sandyiC
8NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. sandyiC
9OLVEU Olea europaea Xf subsp. sandyiC
10PYUCO Pyrus communis Xf subsp. sandyiC
11VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. sandyiC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1NIOBE Nicotiana benthamiana Xf subsp. tashkeC

Appendix C – Host plant species infected in unspecified conditions

1.

List of host plant species, infected in conditions not specified (i.e. the kind of infection (natural or artificial) was not specified in the reference), of X. fastidiosa subsp. unknown (i.e. not reported in the publication), subsp. fastidiosa, subsp. multiplex, subsp. pauca and subsp. sandyi according to categories A, B, C, D, E (as reported in Section 2.4.2):

  1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation) or positive with one method (between sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and pure culture isolation).
  5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, pure culture isolation).

NPlant EPPO codePlant speciesPestCategory
1AMCAR Ampelopsis arborea Xf subsp. unknownA
2CTURO Catharanthus roseus Xf subsp. unknownA
3CTUSS Catharanthus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
4CIDJA Citrus jambhiri Xf subsp. unknownA
5CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. unknownA
6COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. unknownA
7HIBSH Hibiscus schizopetalus Xf subsp. unknownA
8MORNI Morus nigra Xf subsp. unknownA
9NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. unknownA
10PRNPS Prunus persica Xf subsp. unknownA
11PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
12SAMCN Sambucus canadensis Xf subsp. unknownA
13VITMU Vitis munsoniana Xf subsp. unknownA
14VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. unknownA
15VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. unknownA
16VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. unknownA
17AMBSS Ambrosia sp.Xf subsp. unknownB
18CC135A Periwinkle (common name) Xf subsp. unknownB
19ACRSS Acer sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
20CYAIL Carya illinoinensis Xf subsp. unknownC
21CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
22PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. unknownC
23PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. unknownC
24PYUSS Pyrus sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
25TLNMO Teline monspessulana Xf subsp. unknownC
26VACDA Vaccinium darrowii Xf subsp. unknownC
27VACSS Vaccinium sp.Xf subsp. unknownC
28PRNAN Prunus angustifolia Xf subsp. unknownD
29VITLA Vitis labrusca Xf subsp. unknownD
30MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. unknownE
31NIOTA Nicotiana tabacum Xf subsp. unknownE
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1AMBEL Ambrosia artemisiifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
2LUPSS Lupinus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
3PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
4SAMSS Sambucus sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
5VITRF Vitis rotundifolia Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
6VITSS Vitis sp.Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
7VITVI Vitis vinifera Xf subsp. fastidiosaA
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1AMBTR Ambrosia trifida Xf subsp. multiplexA
2MORSS Morus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
3PLTSS Platanus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
4PRNCF Prunus cerasifera Xf subsp. multiplexA
5PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. multiplexA
6PRNDU Prunus dulcis Xf subsp. multiplexA
7PRNSC Prunus salicina Xf subsp. multiplexA
8QUESS Quercus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
9RUBFR Rubus fruticosus Xf subsp. multiplexA
10RUBSS Rubus sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
11VACCO Vaccinium corymbosum Xf subsp. multiplexA
12CC225A Vaccinium corymbosum × V. angustifolium hybrid Xf subsp. multiplexA
13VINSS Vinca sp.Xf subsp. multiplexA
14LIQST Liquidambar styraciflua Xf subsp. multiplexC
15QUELA Quercus laevis Xf subsp. multiplexC
16QUERU Quercus rubra Xf subsp. multiplexC
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1CIDSI Citrus sinensis Xf subsp. paucaA
2CIDSS Citrus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
3COFSS Coffea sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
4HIBFR Hibiscus fragilis Xf subsp. paucaA
5HIBSS Hibiscus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
6NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. paucaA
7PRNDO Prunus domestica Xf subsp. paucaA
8PRNSS Prunus sp.Xf subsp. paucaA
N Plant EPPO code Plant species Pest Category
1COFAR Coffea arabica Xf subsp. sandyiA
2NEROL Nerium oleander Xf subsp. sandyiC

Appendix D – Xylella fastidiosa Multilocus sequence types

1.

Number of records for each plant species natural, artificial and infected in not specified conditions by different multilocus sequence types (STs). The records for natural infection are divided per country. In general, the subspecies and the STs are reported as in the publication. If the subspecies and/or the STs are inferred from another publication or obtained from personal communication of the author of the publication, a note is added in the genotyping comment column of the Excel file available in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1339343). Abbreviations: AR (Argentina), BR (Brazil), CR (Costa Rica), EC (Ecuador), FR (France), HN (Honduras), IL (Israel), IT (Italy), MX (Mexico), PT (Portugal), ES (Spain), US (United States of America).

X. fastidiosa subspecies/sequence typeNatural infectionArtificial infectionInfection not specifiedGrand total
ARBRCRECFRHNILITMXPTESUSunknownTotalTotalTotal
fastidiosa 22 2 21 5 82 137 269 256 9 534
ST01 2 18 82 105 207 250 2 459
Acer sp.111
Amaranthus blitoides11
Ambrosia acanthicarpa22
Calicotome spinosa444
Catharanthus roseus22
Cercis occidentalis111
Chenopodium quinoa22
Cistus monspeliensis222
Citrus sinensis111
Conium maculatum22
Convolvulus arvensis11
Cyperus esculentus11
Datura wrightii11
Echinochloa crus‐galli11
Erigeron canadensis11
Eriochloa gracilis11
Erodium moschatum22
Eucalyptus camaldulensis22
Eucalyptus globulus11
Ficus carica111
Genista lucida333
Helianthus annuus33
Ipomoea purpurea22
Juglans regia444
Lactuca serriola33
Malva parviflora22
Medicago sativa331114
Metrosideros sp.111
Nicotiana benthamiana11
Nicotiana glauca22
Nicotiana tabacum11
Olea europaea11
Pluchea odorata111
Polygala myrtifolia3314
Portulaca oleracea11
Prunus avium1121313
Prunus domestica11
Prunus dulcis219234442187
Rhamnus alaternus888
Rubus ursinus22
Rumex crispus11
Ruta chalepensis333
Salix alba11
Sambucus canadensis222
Sambucus sp.111
Simmondsia chinensis22
Solanum lycopersicum11
Solanum melongena11
Sonchus oleraceus11
Sorghum halepense11
Spartium junceum111
Teucrium capitatum333
Vaccinium corymbosum2224
Vaccinium sp.55
Vicia faba11
Vicia sativa11
Vitis aestivalis222
Vitis girdiana111
Vitis sp.23133134
Vitis vinifera16213269128197
Vitis vinifera hybrid99
Xanthium strumarium33
ST02 5 26 31 5 7 43
Ambrosia artemisiifolia2213
Citrus limon111
Citrus paradisi111
Coffea sp.111
Elaeagnus angustifolia111
Myrtus communis111
Polygala myrtifolia11
Prunus domestica11
Quercus petraea11
Salix alba11
Ulex europaeus111
Vitis hybrids222
Vitis rotundifolia6617
Vitis sp.555
Vitis vinifera10101516
ST03 1 1 1
Lupinus aridorum111
ST04 5 5 1 6
Medicago sativa11
Vitis sp.444
Vitis vinifera111
ST17 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST18 1 1 1
Vitis sp.111
ST19 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST20 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST21 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST33 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST47 2 2 2
Coffea arabica111
Vitis sp.111
ST52 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST54 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST55 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST56 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST57 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST59 1 1 1
Vitis vinifera111
ST60 1 1 1
Vitis vinifera111
ST61 3 3 3
Citrus sinensis111
Coffea arabica222
ST72 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST75 3 3 3
Coffea canephora333
ST76 2 2 2
Coffea arabica222
ST77 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
fastidiosa/sandyi 3 1 4 4
ST72 2 2 2
Coffea arabica222
ST75 1 1 1
Coffea canephora111
ST76 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
morus 25 25 25
ST29 10 10 10
Morus alba444
Morus rubra444
Morus sp.222
ST30 5 5 5
Morus alba444
Nandina domestica111
ST31 6 6 6
Morus sp.666
ST62 4 4 4
Morus alba444
multiplex 5 111 120 102 249 217 804 130 16 950
ST06 16 142 16 174 57 231
Acacia saligna444
Asparagus acutifolius111
Calicotome spinosa666
Catharanthus roseus11
Cistus albidus555
Cistus monspeliensis222
Cistus salviifolius222
Genista scorpius111
Helichrysum italicum111111
Helichrysum stoechas666
Laurus nobilis1455
Lavandula angustifolia222
Lavandula dentata444
Lavandula latifolia333
Lavandula × intermedia111
Medicago sativa44
Nicotiana tabacum55
Olea europaea2353136
Phagnalon saxatile444
Polygala myrtifolia279110
Prunus armeniaca666
Prunus cerasifera11
Prunus domestica666
Prunus dulcis4913629172
Quercus petraea11
Rhamnus alaternus666
Rubus ursinus11
Salix alba11
Salvia rosmarinus777
Santolina chamaecyparissus222
Spartium junceum111111
Spartium sp.111
Ulex parviflorus222
Vitis vinifera22
ST06 and ST07 1 1 1
Cistus monspeliensis111
ST06 and/or ST07 76 76 76
Acacia dealbata111
Acer pseudoplatanus222
Anthyllis hermanniae111
Artemisia arborescens222
Asparagus acutifolius222
Calicotome villosa111
Cercis siliquastrum111
Cistus creticus111
Cistus monspeliensis222
Cistus salviifolius222
Coronilla valentina222
Cytisus scoparius111
Cytisus sp.222
Cytisus villosus111
Euryops chrysanthemoides111
Genista corsica111
Genista ephedroides222
Genista × spachiana222
Hebe sp.222
Helichrysum italicum333
Lavandula angustifolia222
Lavandula dentata222
Lavandula sp.333
Lavandula stoechas222
Lavandula × heterophylla222
Lavandula × intermedia333
Medicago sativa111
Metrosideros excelsa222
Myrtus communis222
Pelargonium graveolens222
Pelargonium sp.222
Phagnalon saxatile111
Polygala myrtifolia777
Polygala sp.111
Prunus cerasifera222
Prunus dulcis111
Quercus suber222
Rosa canina111
Salvia rosmarinus222
Spartium junceum333
Westringia fruticosa111
ST07 8 102 8 25 143 23 166
Acacia longifolia222
Acacia melanoxylon111
Adenocarpus lainzii222
Artemisia arborescens222
Artemisia sp.222
Asparagus acutifolius111
Athyrium filix‐femina111
Berberis thunbergii111
Calluna vulgaris111
Catharanthus roseus11
Cistus inflatus222
Cistus salviifolius111
Coprosma repens333
Cytisus scoparius333
Dimorphotheca ecklonis111
Dodonaea viscosa222
Echium plantagineum111
Elaeagnus × submacrophylla111
Erica cinerea111
Erigeron canadensis111
Erodium moschatum111
Euryops chrysanthemoides111
Frangula alnus111
Gazania rigens222
Genista corsica111
Genista tridentata111
Hebe sp.333
Hibiscus syriacus111
Hypericum androsaemum111
Hypericum perforatum111
Ilex aquifolium222
Laurus nobilis111
Lavandula angustifolia222
Lavandula dentata666
Lavandula sp.111
Lavandula stoechas111
Lavatera cretica111
Lonicera periclymenum111
Magnolia grandiflora333
Magnolia × soulangeana111
Medicago sativa2224
Metrosideros excelsa222
Metrosideros sp.111
Myrtus communis222
Nerium oleander11213
Nicotiana tabacum11
Olea europaea178412
Olea sp.111
Pelargonium graveolens111
Plantago lanceolata111
Polygala myrtifolia639211
Prunus avium11
Prunus cerasifera11
Prunus domestica22
Prunus dulcis51015419
Prunus laurocerasus111
Prunus persica111
Prunus sp.111
Pteridium aquilinum111
Quercus petraea11
Quercus robur222
Quercus rubra1233
Quercus suber333
Rosa sp.111
Rubus fruticosus11
Rubus ulmifolius222
Salix alba11
Salvia mellifera333
Salvia officinalis111
Salvia rosmarinus222
Sambucus nigra111
Santolina chamaecyparissus444
Santolina sp.111
Spartium junceum111
Strelitzia reginae111
Ulex europaeus222
Ulex minor222
Ulex sp.222
Vinca major222
Vinca sp.111
Vitis vinifera11
ST07 and ST88 1 1 1
Polygala myrtifolia111
ST08 13 13 13
Alnus rhombifolia111
Carya illinoinensis222
Platanus occidentalis777
Platanus sp.111
Quercus palustris111
Ulmus americana111
ST09 28 28 4 32
Polygala myrtifolia11
Quercus coccinea222
Quercus falcata1112
Quercus laevis222
Quercus nigra111
Quercus palustris111111
Quercus petraea11
Quercus phellos111
Quercus robur111
Quercus rubra555
Quercus shumardii111
Quercus sp.333
Rubus fruticosus11
ST10 9 9 4 13
Polygala myrtifolia11
Prunus domestica3314
Prunus persica333
Prunus sp.333
Quercus petraea11
Salix alba11
ST15 3 3 3
Prunus cerasifera333
ST22 3 3 1 4
Ambrosia psilostachya111
Ambrosia trifida2213
ST23 12 12 12
Acer rubrum111
Ambrosia trifida222
Helianthus sp.333
Iva annua222
Quercus rubra111
Ratibida columnifera222
Solidago virgaurea111
ST24 5 5 3 8
Cercis occidentalis111
Liquidambar styraciflua3325
Prunus dulcis11
Ulmus crassifolia111
ST25 4 4 4
Encelia farinosa444
ST26 2 12 14 8 22
Alnus rhombifolia111
Bidens pilosa11
Lepidium ruderale11
Prunus cerasifera2213
Prunus domestica2133
Prunus dulcis11
Prunus persica11
Prunus sp.888
Raphanus sativus11
Rubus fruticosus11
Solanum americanum11
ST27 7 7 2 9
Ginkgo biloba111
Lagerstroemia sp.111
Prunus cerasifera11
Prunus dulcis2213
Prunus sp.333
ST28 4 4 1 5
Ambrosia trifida2213
Helianthus sp.111
Iva annua111
ST32 2 2 1 3
Rubus fruticosus11
Rubus sp.222
ST34 1 1 1
Prunus cerasifera111
ST35 1 1 1
Xanthium strumarium111
ST36 1 1 1 2
Prunus cerasifera11
Prunus sp.111
ST37 2 2 2
Lupinus aridorum111
Lupinus villosus111
ST38 1 1 1
Platanus occidentalis111
ST39 6 6 6
Koelreuteria bipinnata111
Liquidambar styraciflua444
Prunus sp.111
ST40 4 4 1 5
Prunus cerasifera3314
Sambucus sp.111
ST41 8 8 2 10
Prunus domestica11
Prunus salicina2213
Prunus sp.222
Ulmus americana222
Ulmus sp.222
ST42 18 18 3 21
Ambrosia trifida2213
Sapindus saponaria111
Vaccinium ashei666
Vaccinium corymbosum3314
Vaccinium corymbosum × V. angustifolium hybrid11
Vaccinium sp.666
ST43 7 7 2 9
Vaccinium corymbosum2213
Vaccinium corymbosum × V. angustifolium hybrid11
Vaccinium sp.555
ST44 2 2 2
Quercus palustris111
Quercus rubra111
ST45 6 6 6
Acer griseum111
Ampelopsis cordata111
Cercis canadensis333
Gleditsia triacanthos111
ST46 3 3 3
Celtis occidentalis111
Chionanthus sp.111
Prunus armeniaca111
ST47 1 1 1
Spartium junceum111
ST48 1 1 1
Sapindus saponaria111
ST49 1 1 1
Prunus sp.111
ST50 2 2 2
Fraxinus americana111
Fraxinus sp.111
ST51 4 4 1 5
Periwinkle (common name)111
Vinca sp.3314
ST58 1 1 1 2
Ambrosia trifida1112
ST63 1 1 1
Prunus domestica111
ST67 2 2 8 10
Bidens pilosa11
Lepidium ruderale11
Prunus domestica222
Prunus salicina44
Raphanus sativus11
Solanum americanum11
ST71 4 4
Bidens pilosa11
Lepidium ruderale11
Raphanus sativus11
Solanum americanum11
ST79 1 1 1
Polygala myrtifolia111
ST81 99 1 100 17 117
Acacia saligna222
Acacia sp.111
Calicotome spinosa111
Cistus albidus444
Clematis cirrhosa333
Ficus carica888
Fraxinus angustifolia333
Genista valdes‐bermejoi222
Helichrysum stoechas444
Lavandula angustifolia333
Lavandula dentata333
Nerium oleander111
Olea europaea111121527
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris333
Phagnalon saxatile111
Phillyrea angustifolia333
Phlomis italica222
Polygala myrtifolia444
Prunus domestica333
Prunus dulcis1414115
Rhamnus alaternus555
Salix alba11
Salvia officinalis333
Salvia rosmarinus444
Santolina chamaecyparissus555
Santolina magonica222
Spartium junceum222
Vitex agnus‐castus222
ST82 2 2 2
Vaccinium ashei222
ST83 2 2 2
Vaccinium ashei222
ST87 119 119 1 120
Acacia dealbata333
Asparagus acutifolius333
Calicotome spinosa444
Calicotome villosa333
Cercis siliquastrum444
Cistus monspeliensis444
Cistus salviifolius444
Cistus sp.666
Clematis vitalba222
Cytisus scoparius555
Elaeagnus angustifolia444
Ficus carica444
Helichrysum italicum333
Helichrysum sp.444
Laurus nobilis333
Lavandula angustifolia444
Lavandula dentata222
Lavandula sp.222
Lonicera implexa333
Myrtus communis333
Olea europaea11
Phagnalon saxatile333
Polygala myrtifolia999
Prunus dulcis999
Quercus ilex111
Rhamnus alaternus888
Rosa canina222
Salvia rosmarinus666
Scabiosa atropurpurea var. maritima222
Spartium junceum999
ST88 6 6 6
Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca111
Dimorphotheca ecklonis111
Euryops chrysanthemoides111
Hebe sp.111
Lavandula × intermedia111
Polygala myrtifolia111
ST89 2 2 2
Myoporum sp.111
Viburnum tinus111
pauca 8 129 10 6 4 460 38 4 659 256 23 938
ST11 52 52 14 3 69
Catharanthus roseus22
Citrus sinensis22224329
Citrus sp.292929
Coffea arabica44
Coffea sp.111
Nicotiana tabacum44
ST12 3 3 3 6
Citrus sinensis2224
Citrus sp.1112
ST13 12 12 89 3 104
Arabidopsis thaliana11
Bidens pilosa33
Catharanthus roseus1414
Citrus reticulata33
Citrus sinensis6623332
Citrus sp.662127
Medicago sativa33
Nicotiana clevelandii11
Nicotiana tabacum1212
Ocimum basilicum33
Periwinkle (common name)11
Solanum americanum44
ST14 8 8 4 12
Coffea arabica111
Coffea sp.6628
Prunus domestica11
Prunus sp.1112
ST16 42 42 15 1 58
Citrus sinensis11
Coffea arabica2279
Coffea sp.1717118
Nicotiana tabacum66
Olea europaea2323124
ST53 8 4 460 3 475 115 6 596
Acacia saligna333
Amaranthus retroflexus333
Asparagus acutifolius333
Catharanthus roseus221214
Chenopodium album5516
Cistus creticus111
Coffea arabica32516
Coffea sp.11124
Dimorphotheca fruticosa111
Dodonaea viscosa222
Eremophila maculata111
Erigeron bonariensis333
Erigeron sp.666
Erigeron sumatrensis111
Euphorbia chamaesyce222
Euphorbia terracina111
Grevillea juniperina111
Hebe sp.111
Heliotropium europaeum333
Jasminum azoricum22
Laurus nobilis222
Lavandula angustifolia333
Lavandula sp.111
Lavandula stoechas222
Medicago sativa11
Myoporum insulare111
Myrtus communis222
Nerium oleander518238435
Nicotiana tabacum66
Olea europaea132832957386
Pelargonium fragrans111
Pelargonium sp.111
Periwinkle (common name)111
Phillyrea latifolia222
Pistacia vera111
Polygala myrtifolia12223932
Prunus avium99413
Prunus domestica22
Prunus dulcis1010414
Prunus persica111
Quercus ilex111
Quercus petraea11
Rhamnus alaternus444
Salix alba11
Salvia rosmarinus555
Spartium junceum222
Vinca minor111
Vitis vinifera55
Westringia fruticosa444
Westringia glabra111
ST64 1 1 1
Citrus sinensis111
ST65 1 1 2 3
Catharanthus roseus22
Citrus sinensis111
ST66 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST68 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST69 6 6 1 7
Citrus sinensis4415
Olea europaea222
ST70 2 2 2 2 6
Catharanthus roseus22
Hibiscus fragilis11
Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis111
Hibiscus sp.1112
ST71 1 1 1
Prunus domestica111
ST73 1 1 2 4 6
Catharanthus roseus11
Coffea arabica1122
Nerium oleander11
Nicotiana tabacum11
Polygala myrtifolia11
ST73 and ST53 1 1 1
Coffea arabica111
ST74 6 6 6
Coffea arabica666
ST78 2 2 2
Olea europaea111
Prunus dulcis111
ST80 38 38 15 53
Acacia saligna222
Acacia sp.111
Cistus albidus444
Elaeagnus angustifolia111
Genista hirsuta222
Lavandula angustifolia222
Lavandula dentata333
Olea europaea551520
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris222
Polygala myrtifolia333
Prunus dulcis666
Salvia officinalis111
Salvia rosmarinus333
Thymus vulgaris111
Ulex parviflorus222
ST84 3 3 3
Olea europaea333
ST85 1 1 1
Olea europaea111
ST86 1 1 1
Olea europaea111
sandyi 4 1 1 25 1 32 9 1 42
ST05 25 25 4 29
Hemerocallis sp.111
Jacaranda mimosifolia111
Magnolia grandiflora111
Nerium oleander2222123
Prunus dulcis11
Vinca major22
ST72 2 1 1 4 5 1 10
Coffea arabica213115
Coffea sp.111
Nerium oleander11
Olea europaea33
ST76 2 1 3 3
Coffea arabica111
Coffea sp.111
Polygala myrtifolia111
Grand Total 8 134 39 6 116 1 2 580 22 107 369 404 5 1793 651 49 2493

Appendix E – References included in this update

1.

List of the 45 references included in this sixth update of the Xylella spp. host plant database. Informative data listed in Table 5 were extracted from those references and added to the database.

  1. Giménez‐Romero A, Galván J, Montesinos M, Bauzà J, Godefroid M, Fereres A, Ramasco JJ, Matías MA and Moralejo E, 2022. Global predictions for the risk of establishment of Pierce's disease of grapevines. Communications Biology, 5.
  2. Baró A, Saldarelli P, Saponari M, Montesinos E and Montesinos L, 2022. Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant host for Xylella fastidiosa: control of infections by transient expression and endotherapy with a bifunctional peptide. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.
  3. Camino C, Araño K, Berni JA, Dierkes H, Trapero‐Casas JL, León‐Ropero G, Montes‐Borrego M, Roman‐Écija M, Velasco‐Amo MP, Landa BB, Navas‐Cortes JA and Beck PSA, 2022. Detecting Xylella fastidiosa in a machine learning framework using Vcmax and leaf biochemistry quantified with airborne hyperspectral imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 282.
  4. Agüero CB, Riaz S, Tenscher AC, Bistué C and Walker MA, 2022. Molecular and functional characterization of two RGA type genes in the PdR1b locus for Pierce's disease resistance in Vitis arizonica/candicans. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 151, 497–510.
  5. Johnson KA, Bock CH, Brannen PM and Chen J, 2022. A genome resource for Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strain P5A2 causing phony peach disease in the southeastern United States. Phytopathology, 112, 2466–2470.
  6. Moll L, Baró A, Montesinos L, Badosa E, Bonaterra A and Montesinos E, 2022. Induction of defense responses and protection of almond plants against Xylella fastidiosa by endotherapy with a bifunctional peptide. Phytopathology, 112, 1907–1916.
  7. Casarin N, Hasbroucq S, Pesenti L, Géradin A, Emond A, López‐Mercadal J, Miranda MÁ, Grégoire JC and Bragard C, 2022. Salicaceae as potential host plants of Xylella fastidiosa in European temperate regions. European Journal of Plant Pathology.
  8. Vergine M, Pavan S, Negro C, Nicoli F, Greco D, Sabella E, Aprile A, Ricciardi L, De Bellis L and Luvisi A, 2022. Phenolic characterization of olive genotypes potentially resistant to Xylella. Journal of Plant Interactions, 17, 462–474.
  9. Roman‐Ecija M, Navas‐Cortes JA, Velasco‐Amo MDP, Arias‐Giraldo LF, Gomez LM, De La Fuente L and Landa BB, 2022. Two Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex strains isolated from almond in Spain differ in plasmid content and virulence traits. Phytopathology.
  10. Camposeo S, Vivaldi GA and Saponari M, 2022. Attempts to reduce the systemic spread of Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees by pruning. Agronomy‐Basel, 12.
  11. Velasco‐Amo MDP, Arias‐Giraldo LFF, Ecija MR, De La Fuente L, Marco‐Noales E, Moralejo E, Navas‐Cortes JA and Landa BB, 2022. Complete circularized genome resources of seven strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa using hybrid assembly reveals unknown plasmids. Phytopathology.
  12. Bodino N, Cavalieri V, Saponari M, Dongiovanni C, Altamura G and Bosco D, Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 by the sharpshooter Cicadella viridis from different source plants and artificial diets. Journal of Economic Entomology.
  13. El Handi K, Sabri M, Valentini F, De Stradis A, Achbani EH, Hafidi M, El Moujabber M and Elbeaino T, 2022. Exploring active peptides with antimicrobial activity in planta against Xylella fastidiosa. Biology‐Basel, 11.
  14. Zecharia N, Krasnov H, Vanunu M, Siri AC, Haberman A, Dror O, Vakal L, Almeida RPP, Blank L, Shtienberg D and Bahar O, 2022. Xylella fastidiosa outbreak in Israel: population genetics, host range, and temporal and spatial distribution analysis. Phytopathology, 112, 2296–2309.
  15. Montilon V, De Stradis A, Saponari M, Abou Kubaa R, Giampetruzzi A, D'Attoma G and Saldarelli P, 2023. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 exploits pit membranes of susceptible olive cultivars to spread systemically in the xylem. Plant Pathology, 72, 144–153.
  16. Surano A, Abou Kubaa R, Nigro F, Altamura G, Losciale P, Saponari M and Saldarelli P, 2022. Susceptible and resistant olive cultivars show differential physiological response to Xylella fastidiosa infections. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.
  17. Shantharaj D, Naranjo E, Merfa M, Cobine PA, Santra S and De La Fuente L, 2022. Zinc oxide‐based nanoformulation Zinkicide mitigates the xylem‐limited pathogen Xylella fastidiosa in tobacco and southern highbush blueberry. Plant Disease.
  18. Amanifar N and Luvisi A, 2022. Resistance of almond (Prunus dulcis) to Xylella fastidiosa: a comparative study on cultivars. Plant Disease, 106, 2625–2630.
  19. dos Santos BdNG, Anguita‐Maeso M and Coletta‐Filho HD, 2022. Transmission and distribution of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in olive trees as a parameter for managing olive quick decline syndrome. Plant Pathology, 71, 1849–1858.
  20. Sarcina L, Macchia E, Loconsole G, D'Attoma G, Bollella P, Catacchio M, Leonetti F, Di Franco C, Elicio V, Scamarcio G, Palazzo G, Boscia D, Saldarelli P and Torsi L, 2022. Fast and reliable electronic assay of a Xylella fastidiosa single bacterium in infected plants sap. Advanced Science, 9.
  21. Krugner R, Rogers EE, Burbank LP, Wallis CM and Ledbetter CA, 2022. Insights regarding resistance of ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock to the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Plant Disease, 106, 2074–2081.
  22. Europhyt notification n. 246 (Update 19).
  23. Europhyt notification n. 2008 (Update 00).
  24. Europhyt notification n. 1157 (Update 10).
  25. Europhyt notification n. 1956 (Update 00).
  26. Europhyt notification n. 1993 (Update 1).
  27. Europhyt notification n. 2003 (Update 00).
  28. Europhyt notification n. 718 (Update 12).
  29. Europhyt notification n. 753 (Update 20).
  30. Europhyt notification n. 1528 (Update 3).
  31. Europhyt notification n. 1917 (Update 1).
  32. Europhyt notification n. 1942 (Update 1).
  33. Europhyt notification n. 2005 (Update 00).
  34. Europhyt notification n. 2010 (Update 00).
  35. Europhyt notification n. 2011 (Update 00).
  36. Europhyt notification n. 2023 (Update 1).
  37. Europhyt notification n. 2075 (Update 00).
  38. Europhyt notification n. 2076 (Update 00).
  39. Europhyt notification n. 2077 (Update 00).
  40. Europhyt notification n. 2078 (Update 00).
  41. Europhyt notification n. 2099 (Update 00).
  42. Europhyt notification n. 2105 (Update 00).
  43. Europhyt notification n. 2106 (Update 00).
  44. Europhyt notification n. 2116 (Update 00)
  45. Europhyt notification n. ‐124 (Update 32).

Annex A – Links to data and interactive reports

1.

Data are available as interactive reports on the Microstrategy platform at the following link:

https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community, this report refers to version 8 (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1339343).

Notes

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , Gibin D, Pasinato L and Delbianco A, 2023. Scientific Report on the update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – Systematic literature search up to 31 December 2022. EFSA Journal 2023;21(6):8061, 73 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8061 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Requestor European Commission

Question numbers EFSA‐Q‐2022‐00814

Declarations of interest If you wish to access the declaration of interests of any expert contributing to an EFSA scientific assessment, please contact ue.aporue.asfe@tnemeganamtseretni.

Acknowledgements EFSA wishes to acknowledge Claude Bragard (Chair of EFSA Panel of Plant Health) for reviewing this Scientific Report.

EFSA may include images or other content for which it does not hold copyright. In such cases, EFSA indicates the copyright holder and users should seek permission to reproduce the content from the original source.

Adopted: 23 May 2023

References

  • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2010. Application of systematic review methodology to food and feed safety assessments to support decision making. EFSA Journal 2010;8(6):1637, 90 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1637 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
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  • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , Delbianco A, Gibin D, Pasinato L, Boscia D and Morelli M, 2023. Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 30 June 2022. EFSA Journal 2023;21(1):7726, 90 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7726 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) , 2023. EPPO Global Database Available online: https://gd.eppo.int

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