The type and quantity of dietary fat and carbohydrate alter faecal microbiome and short-chain fatty acid excretion in a metabolic syndrome 'at-risk' population
- PMID: 22410962
- DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.33
The type and quantity of dietary fat and carbohydrate alter faecal microbiome and short-chain fatty acid excretion in a metabolic syndrome 'at-risk' population
Abstract
Introduction and objectives: An obese-type human microbiota with an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio has been described that may link the gut microbiome with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) development. Dietary fat and carbohydrate are modifiable risk factors that may impact on MetS by altering the human microbiome composition. We determined the effect of the amount and type of dietary fat and carbohydrate on faecal bacteria and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in people 'at risk' of MetS.
Design: A total of 88 subjects at increased MetS risk were fed a high saturated fat diet (HS) for 4 weeks (baseline), then randomised onto one of the five experimental diets for 24 weeks: HS; high monounsaturated fat (MUFA)/high glycemic index (GI) (HM/HGI); high MUFA/low GI (HM/LGI); high carbohydrate (CHO)/high GI (HC/HGI); and high CHO/low GI (HC/LGI). Dietary intakes, MetS biomarkers, faecal bacteriology and SCFA concentrations were monitored.
Results: High MUFA diets did not affect individual bacterial population numbers but reduced total bacteria and plasma total and LDL-cholesterol. The low fat, HC diets increased faecal Bifidobacterium (P=0.005, for HC/HGI; P=0.052, for HC/LGI) and reduced fasting glucose and cholesterol compared to baseline. HC/HGI also increased faecal Bacteroides (P=0.038), whereas HC/LGI and HS increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P=0.022 for HC/HGI and P=0.018, for HS). Importantly, changes in faecal Bacteroides numbers correlated inversely with body weight (r=-0.64). A total bacteria reduction was observed for high fat diets HM/HGI and HM/LGI (P=0.023 and P=0.005, respectively) and HS increased faecal SCFA concentrations (P<0.01).
Conclusion: This study provides new evidence from a large-scale dietary intervention study that HC diets, irrespective of GI, can modulate human faecal saccharolytic bacteria, including bacteroides and bifidobacteria. Conversely, high fat diets reduced bacterial numbers, and in the HS diet, increased excretion of SCFA, which may suggest a compensatory mechanism to eliminate excess dietary energy.
Similar articles
-
Relationship between fatty acids intake and Clostridium coccoides in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome.Food Res Int. 2018 Nov;113:86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.002. Epub 2018 Jul 4. Food Res Int. 2018. PMID: 30195549 Review.
-
Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk: the RISCK (Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kings) trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Oct;92(4):748-58. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29096. Epub 2010 Aug 25. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010. PMID: 20739418 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
-
Comparative effects of very low-carbohydrate, high-fat and high-carbohydrate, low-fat weight-loss diets on bowel habit and faecal short-chain fatty acids and bacterial populations.Br J Nutr. 2009 May;101(10):1493-502. doi: 10.1017/S0007114508094658. Epub 2009 Feb 19. Br J Nutr. 2009. PMID: 19224658 Clinical Trial.
-
No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet.Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;80(2):337-47. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.337. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. PMID: 15277154 Clinical Trial.
-
Dietary cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes.Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Sep;78(3 Suppl):617S-625S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.617S. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003. PMID: 12936956 Review.
Cited by
-
Diet-microbiota associations in gastrointestinal research: a systematic review.Gut Microbes. 2024 Jan-Dec;16(1):2350785. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2350785. Epub 2024 May 9. Gut Microbes. 2024. PMID: 38725230 Free PMC article.
-
The Development and Evaluation of a Literature-Based Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota.Nutrients. 2024 Apr 3;16(7):1045. doi: 10.3390/nu16071045. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 38613077 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Western diet consumption impairs memory function via dysregulated hippocampus acetylcholine signaling.Brain Behav Immun. 2024 May;118:408-422. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.015. Epub 2024 Mar 8. Brain Behav Immun. 2024. PMID: 38461956 Free PMC article.
-
Alterations in gut microbiota caused by major depressive disorder or a low FODMAP diet and where they overlap.Front Nutr. 2024 Jan 8;10:1303405. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1303405. eCollection 2023. Front Nutr. 2024. PMID: 38260072 Free PMC article. Review.
-
The Networked Interaction between Probiotics and Intestine in Health and Disease: A Promising Success Story.Microorganisms. 2024 Jan 18;12(1):194. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12010194. Microorganisms. 2024. PMID: 38258020 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical