It has become widely accepted that the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmias are due to reentrant waves, i.e., electrical wave(s) that recirculate repeatedly throughout the tissue at a higher frequency than the waves produced by the heart’s natural pacemaker (sinoatrial node). However, the complicated structure of cardiac tissue, as well as the complex ionic currents in the cell, have made it extremely difficult to pinpoint the detailed dynamics of these life-threatening reentrant arrhythmias. A simplified ionic model of the cardiac action potential (AP), which can be fitted to a wide variety of experimentally and numerically obtained mesoscopic characteristics of cardiac tissue such as AP shape and restitution of AP duration and conduction velocity, is used to explain many different mechanisms of spiral wave breakup which in principle can occur in cardiac tissue. Some, but not all, of these mechanisms have been observed before using other models; therefore, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate them using just one framework model and to explain the different parameter regimes or physiological properties necessary for each mechanism (such as high or low excitability, corresponding to normal or ischemic tissue, spiral tip trajectory types, and tissue structures such as rotational anisotropy and periodic boundary conditions). Each mechanism is compared with data from other ionic models or experiments to illustrate that they are not model-specific phenomena. Movies showing all the breakup mechanisms are available at http://arrhythmia.hofstra.edu/breakup and at ftp://ftp.aip.org/epaps/chaos/E-CHAOEH-12-039203/INDEX.html. The fact that many different breakup mechanisms exist has important implications for antiarrhythmic drug design and for comparisons of fibrillation experiments using different species, electromechanical uncoupling drugs, and initiation protocols.
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September 2002
Research Article|
September 01 2002
Multiple mechanisms of spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity
Flavio H. Fenton;
Flavio H. Fenton
Center for Arrhythmia Research at Hofstra University and The Heart Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York 10003
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Elizabeth M. Cherry;
Elizabeth M. Cherry
Center for Arrhythmia Research at Hofstra University and The Heart Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York 10003
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Harold M. Hastings;
Harold M. Hastings
Center for Arrhythmia Research and Department of Physics, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549
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Steven J. Evans
Steven J. Evans
Center for Arrhythmia Research at Hofstra University and The Heart Institute, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York 10003
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Chaos 12, 852–892 (2002)
Article history
Received:
April 14 2002
Accepted:
July 03 2002
Citation
Flavio H. Fenton, Elizabeth M. Cherry, Harold M. Hastings, Steven J. Evans; Multiple mechanisms of spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity. Chaos 1 September 2002; 12 (3): 852–892. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1504242
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