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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2019 Nov 26:2019:5425021.
doi: 10.1155/2019/5425021. eCollection 2019.

Salivary and Plasmatic Antioxidant Profile following Continuous, Resistance, and High-Intensity Interval Exercise: Preliminary Study

Adriele V Souza  1 , Jéssica S Giolo  2 , Renata R Teixeira  1 , Danielle D Vilela  1 , Leonardo G Peixoto  1 , Allisson B Justino  1 , Douglas C Caixeta  1 , Guilherme M Puga  2 , Foued S Espindola  1
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Salivary and Plasmatic Antioxidant Profile following Continuous, Resistance, and High-Intensity Interval Exercise: Preliminary Study

Adriele V Souza et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. .

Abstract

The increase in antioxidant responses promoted by regular physical activity is strongly associated with the attenuation of chronic oxidative stress and physiological mechanisms related to exercise adaptation. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare how different exercise protocols (HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise, CE: continuous exercise, and RE: resistance exercise) may alter salivary and plasmatic antioxidants and salivary markers of exercise intensity and nitric oxide. Thirteen healthy, trained male subjects were submitted to the three exercise protocols. Blood and saliva samples were collected at the points preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. Antioxidants (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and levels of reduced glutathione and uric acid), markers of exercise intensity (salivary total protein and amylase activity), and salivary nitric oxide were evaluated. As a result, all exercise protocols increased the markers of exercise intensity and nitric oxide. Antioxidant response was increased after exercise, and it was found that a single HIIE session exerts a similar pattern of antioxidant response compared to CE, in plasma and saliva samples, while RE presented minor alterations. We suggest that HIIE may lead to alterations in antioxidants and consequently to the physiological processes related to redox, similar to the CE, with the advantage of being performed in a shorter time. In addition, the antioxidant profile of saliva samples showed to be very similar to that of plasma, suggesting that saliva may be an alternative and noninvasive tool in sports medicine for the study of antioxidants in different physical exercise protocols.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biomarkers of exercise intensity. Salivary alpha-amylase activity (a) and salivary total protein (b) at preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise; CE: continuous exercise; RE: resistance exercise. Values expressed as mean percentage in relation to preexercise ± SEM. ∗p ≤ 0.05 vs. pre-ex; #p ≤ 0.05 vs. post-ex. ANOVA-RM followed by Tukey's test (n = 13).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Salivary nitric oxide (NO) at preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise; CE: continuous exercise; RE: resistance exercise. Values expressed as mean percentage in relation to preexercise ± SEM. ∗p ≤ 0.05 vs. pre-ex. ANOVA-RM followed by Tukey's test (n = 13).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Total antioxidant capacity by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) analysis in plasma (a) and saliva (b) at preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise; CE: continuous exercise; RE: resistance exercise. Values expressed as mean percentage in relation to preexercise ± SEM. ∗p ≤ 0.05 vs. pre-ex; #p ≤ 0.05 vs. post-ex. ANOVA-RM followed by Tukey's test (n = 13).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Enzymatic antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plasma (a) and saliva (b); catalase (CAT) activity in plasma (c) and saliva (d), at preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise; CE: continuous exercise; RE: resistance exercise. Values expressed as mean percentage in relation to preexercise ± SEM. ∗p ≤ 0.05 vs. pre-ex; #p ≤ 0.05 vs. post-ex. ANOVA-RM followed by Tukey's test (n = 13).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Nonenzymatic antioxidants: reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in plasma (a) and saliva (b); uric acid levels in plasma (c) and saliva (d), at preexercise, postexercise, and 3 hours postexercise. HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise; CE: continuous exercise; RE: resistance exercise. Values expressed as mean percentage in relation to preexercise ± SEM. ∗p ≤ 0.05 vs. pre-ex; #p ≤ 0.05 vs. post-ex. ANOVA-RM followed by Tukey's test (n = 13).
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